_Aquaculture Magazine Volume 49 Number 5 October-November 2023_ by Aquaculture Magazine

OCT - NOV 2023

INDEX

Aquaculture Magazine Volume 49 Number 5 October - November 2023

4 EDITOR´S COMMENTS 6 INDUSTRY NEWS 14 GREENHOUSES AND POND LINERS Role of pond lining in dynamics of sulphur recycling bacteria in pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) grow out culture ponds

ARTICLE Innovation in the Norwegian aquaculture industry

26 ARTICLE

on the

cover Data, AI & seafood retail The companies and executives that will succeed in the future are those who understand and use AI.

Engineered-Airlift pumps can help aquaculture systems to perform better

30 ARTICLE

What would be the expenses associated with relocating salmon aquaculture to inland areas?

ARTICLE How agricultural rendering supports sustainability and assists livestock’s ability to contribute more than just food

38 ARTICLE

Evaluation of single cell protein on the growth performance, digestibility and immune gene expression of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei

42 ARTICLE

Metabolomics approach to elucidate the importance of count size in commercial penaeid shrimps: white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

59 ARTICLE

The Center for Aquaculture Technologies Canada and Prelude partner to set new benchmark in aquaculture sector

EVENTS 60 UPCOMING ADVERTISERS INDEX

2 »

Volume 49 Number 5 October - November 2023

Editor and Publisher Salvador Meza info@dpinternationalinc.com Contributing Editor Marco Linné Unzueta Editorial Coordinator Karelys Osta edicion@dpinternationalinc.com Editorial Design Perla Neri design@design-publications.com Sales & Marketing Coordinator crm@dpinternationalinc.com Sales Support Expert sse@dpinternationalinc.com Operations Coordination Johana Freire opm@dpinternationalinc.com Business Operations Manager Adriana Zayas administracion@design-publications.com

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OCT - NOV 2023

COLUMNS

46 CARPE DIEM

What is missing to consolidate mariculture? (Part 2) By Antonio Garza de Yta, Ph.D.*

48 DIGITAL AND SOCIAL MARKETING BYTES Using social media in crisis management By Sarah Cornelisse*

52 THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY

Can improved genetics save the shrimp farming industry from itself? By Stephen G. Newman Ph.D. * President and CEO AquaInTech Inc.

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Aquaculture... Main challenges Marco Linné Unzueta Associate Editor

oday, the global community faces multiple and interrelated challenges, ranging from the impact of the current financial and economic crisis to increased vulnerability to climate change and extreme weather events. At the same time, it must address the pressing food and nutritional needs of a growing population with finite natural resources. Given the high demand for food, aquaculture should be considered as an activity that contributes to global well-being and prosperity, as it is easily accessible to marginalized communities. Over the past 50 years, according to FAO (2016), “the global supply of fishery products for human consumption has outpaced the growth of the world’s population; fish is now an essential source of nutritious food and animal protein for much of the world’s population. In addition, the sector provides livelihoods and income, both directly and indirectly, to a significant proportion of the world’s population”. Aquaculture will continue to be one of the fastest growing animal food production sectors, and in the 4 »

next decade, total production from capture fisheries and aquaculture will exceed that of beef, pork and poultry; considering that the increase in the global supply of fish for human consumption has outpaced population growth over the past five decades, increasing at an average annual rate of 3.2% in the period 1961-2013, twice the rate of population growth, resulting in an increase in average per capita availability (FAO, 2016). The development of commercial aquaculture has faced a number of challenges and to meet the needs of a rapidly developing aquaculture, worldwide, it is urgent to reconsider the objectives of education and research, since the current concern is to feed the growing population, arguing that actions should be focused on the conservation of ecosystems to increase yields and production. Based on the above, it is necessary to consider structures that lead to the implementation of actions promoting aquaculture development, favoring a global vision of the sector and the importance of developing biotechnological packages for its development. Biotechnological packages should be adapted or adopted to the conditions of each region and species cultivated, considering prospective actions that promote the benefits of the natural wealth of areas and potential species

for aquaculture development, allowing their use and conservation under sustainability standards. The current priority is to establish strategic plans that will allow the implementation of development actions in the sector, under a vision of the future that is linked to the sector and effective towards the identified potentials, ranging from experimentation, validation, pilot and pilot-commercial trials, to a state and regional scale that will have a major impact on the socioeconomic indicators of the region, making a direct contribution to the development of profitable, environmentally sustainable and socially responsible enterprises. It should be clarified that the actions promoted for the development of sustainable aquaculture must be quantifiable and measurable, considering management indicators to evaluate the progress of each of the lines of action that will lead us to the success of the proposed objective; considering that the installed capacity in each of the production areas and species will be strengthened with the strategic linkage with research and educational institutions, towards a strategy in conjunction with society, the environment, gender equality and the economy of the territories and at the global level. OCT - NOV 2023

INDUSTRY NEWS

INVE Aquaculture celebrates 40 years of innovation and growth The company will celebrate its anniversary with small-scale events around the world and throughout the year

INVE Aquaculture, part of Benchmark, proudly announced the celebration of its 40th Anniversary. This milestone not only marks a festive moment for a leading aquaculture company but also the culmination of four decades of pioneering work that has been at the cradle of the aquaculture industry as we know it today. In line with INVE’s philosophy of operating close to its customers, the company will celebrate this anniversary by organizing smallscale events throughout the year and across the globe. “Science-based innovation is at the core of our origin and, in this rapidly expanding industry, innovation in collaboration with our valued customers remains our driving force for sustainable growth. At INVE, our customers’ efficiency is our prime focus. We are customer-centric and their success translates into our success,” said Patrick Waty, CEO of INVE Aquaculture, in reference to the company’s special celebration. It is worth noting that one out of every three shrimp farmed in the world is fed with INVE products, highlighting the company’s significant impact on global aquaculture. 6 »

The company has operated in more than 70 countries and has achieved a significant leading market share in the global shrimp and marine fish hatchery nutrition segment.

From pioneer to leader Founded in 1983 as Artemia Systems, a spin-off from the University of Ghent, located in the city of the same name in Flanders (Belgium), INVE was born out of pioneering research conducted by early aquaculture pioneers. The FAO’s request to explore

the feasibility of commercial aquaculture in 1978 laid the foundation upon which INVE’s initial generation of luminaries developed the world’s first scalable live food solutions. It was this remarkable breakthrough that made the global aquaculture boom possible. To this day, INVE Aquaculture stands as a living testament to this legacy of turning scientific knowledge into viable aquaculture practices. Throughout its history, INVE Aquaculture has not only evolved with the ever-changing landscape of aquaculture but has also played a pivotal role in shaping it. The company’s dedication to research and development has been unwavering, from pioneering technologies in larval rearing and hatchery management to leadership in sustainable practices. As it celebrates its 40th anniversary, INVE Aquaculture continues to be a beacon of innovation, committed to meeting the challenges of the future and fostering responsible growth in the aquaculture industry. True to its academic heritage, INVE Aquaculture embodies the spirit of scientific

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“We are dedicated to transforming shrimp and marine fish farming by moving away from a commodity mindset and focusing on technologies that improve efficiency, farming practices and ultimately the quality of the final product. Our commitment extends to making a positive environmental and social impact, promoting sustainability and ensuring an enduring future for the sector,” Waty added.

innovation and entrepreneurship. A strong commitment to customer focus and sustainable growth have enabled INVE to become a world leader in shrimp and marine fish hatchery nutrition.

Beacon of innovation Already in recent years, INVE specialists have developed technologies such as Artemia SEP-Art, a clean method for separating nauplii from cyst shells, and probiotics for health and bioremediation, which promote a reduced reliance on traditional treatments, leading to cleaner harvests. The most recent example of INVE’s dedication to innovation is the launch a few weeks ago of the revolutionary SnappArt tool, a unique AI-powered live food counter. Initially launched in Europe, this cutting-edge technology solution aims to redefine the global aquaculture in-

OCT - NOV 2023

dustry. It provides real-time analysis and monitoring of live feed quantities, contributing to feed efficiency and sustainability. Each of these innovations fits into INVE’s holistic “Care for Growth” approach, which aims to improve the performance and well-being of aquatic species through proven solutions in the fields of nutrition, health and environment. As part of Benchmark, INVE is increasingly looking for synergies between its specific expertise and the growing knowledge in the field of genetics. This is because selective breeding opens up the possibility of breeding more resilient and productive animals. Combined with balanced nutrition and optimal health and living conditions, genetics creates a holistic approach to aquaculture improvement that prioritizes both productivity and sustainability.

Sustainable growth for the next 40 years INVE Aquaculture envisions a promising future for the aquaculture industry, characterized by visionary thinking and a commitment to sustainable progress. One of the cornerstones of this vision is a growing emphasis on local production with small-scale, land-based aquaculture operations that bring food production closer to communities. This shift not only fosters resilience but also aligns with environmental stewardship by reducing the carbon footprint associated with long-distance seafood transport. INVE specialists also anticipate increasing diversification of farmed species, which will alleviate pressure on commonly farmed varieties such as salmon and shrimp. Innovative sustainable practices, such as the widespread adoption of RAS systems and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, will enable more efficient seafood production with less environmental impact. The integration of artificial intelligence, automation and robotics into hatchery and farm operations will usher in an era of precision farming. At the same time, the industry must be acutely aware of the challenges posed by climate change, resource constraints and evolving regulations. As its members explain in a press release, INVE firmly believes that adaptability and responsible practices are the guiding principles that will ensure the lasting success and sustainable growth of aquaculture over the next 40 years. »

INDUSTRY NEWS

AKVA Group launches world’s first recycled fish farming pen AKVA Group has launched the world’s first fish farming pen made entirely from recycled plastic, developed for its experts over the past two years. The pen is manufactured using plastic from disused pens provided by Nova Sea and will undergo testing at Varpet, one of the locations of this company. This project, according the company, is a natural continuation of the long-standing collaboration between AKVA Group and Nova Sea. In 1974, the world’s first plastic pen was produced in Mo i Rana upon request from fish farmers in Lovund. Almost 50 years later, the first pen made from recycled plastic was produced at the AKVA Group’s facility in Mo. “In a way, the circle is complete. We are proud of both the history 8 »

and, most importantly, what we have achieved now,” said Freddy Bakken Braseth, General Manager of the company in Mo i Rana. “AKVA Group is committed to reducing the use of virgin plastic, both to lower the carbon footprint and to contribute to more circular value chains. We use 7,000-8,000 tons of raw material per year and aim to incorporate as much recycled plastic as possible. The advantage of retired pens is that the plastic quality remains high and is well-suited for recycling. Nova Sea has been an important partner for us for many years, and the fact that we can retrieve the recycled plastic from their own pens and deploy the new pen at their site is quite interesting,” he added.

The used pens will no longer be incinerated Nova Sea said they are proud to participate in the testing of recycled pens from their own facilities. “For Nova Sea, it has been important to be a part of this project, and we are proud that the new recycled pens will be tested at our sites while also originating from our own disused pens. The fact that the used pens we supply will no longer be incinerated but will be used for new pens is fantastic. This is simply a milestone for all of us,” says Odd Stensland, Technical Manager of Aquaculture at Nova Sea. Fisheries Minister Bjørnar Skjæran also praised the project on TV2 for its potential to promote a circular economy and sustainable practices. OCT - NOV 2023

He expressed optimism about its impact on the industry and applauded the thorough testing that has been carried out (source).

Produced entirely in Norway within an efficient regional value chain According to them, government authorities impose stringent standards and regulations on plastic used in pens to ensure escape prevention at aquaculture facilities. Through this development project, AKVA Group, in partnership with Plasto and Oceanize, has demonstrated the high quality of recycled plastic. The world’s first pen made from recycled plastic has now been approved and certified. AKVA Group, in collaboration with Oceanize and Plasto, has developed and manufactured the pen. This means that instead of purchasing virgin granules from abroad, the pen is now produced entirely in Norway within an efficient regional value chain. Transport is reduced, and the overall carbon footprint is reduced by two-thirds compared to a pen made from virgin plastic. The project is supported by the SkatteFUNN R&D tax incentive scheme and the Norwegian Retailers’ Environment Fund (Handelens Miljøfond). “AKVA Group and Nova Sea are leading the way and doing something we need many more companies to do: creating a closed loop for the plastic they use. The plastic from fish farming pens will be both recyclable and derived from recycled plastic, and we hope that this will inspire many others,” says Cecilie Lind, General Manager of Norwegian Retailers’ Environment Fund. OCT - NOV 2023

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INDUSTRY NEWS

Almar Group chose DSM-Firmenich to measure and improve its environmental footprint with its intelligent sustainability service Sustell validated footprint results for that entire year and thereafter.

Grupo Almar and DSM-Firmenich, the global leaders in health, nutrition and beauty, announced a few days ago a multi-year commitment to measure and improve the environmental footprint of the world leader in shrimp production. The pact is to use Sustell, DSM-Firmenich’s smart sustainability service, throughout its shrimp production, as well as to access that company’s sustainability expertise and knowledge. “Through our partnership with a global heavyweight in animal nutrition and health, such as DSMFirmenich, we have our sights firmly set on improving the sustainability of our industry. We chose Sustell to go beyond measurement by taking charge of our entire environmental footprint, managing our footprint 24/7 within our own teams and organization,” said Wolfgang Harten, COO of Almar Group, one of the world’s top five shrimp producers. “Almar is making significant and incremental progress to improve the sustainability of its shrimp production, learning from others and investing in technology, with tangible improvements already made. We are committed to making further progress, both in technology and sustainability,” the executive added. The full environmental footprint of Almar Group’s shrimp production will begin to be measured in January 2024 and will provide internationally 10 »

The path to sustainability The Almar Group reportedly wanted to formalize its sustainability journey by choosing DSM-Firmenich and Sustell, who will accurately measure and validate its carbon footprint as part of a full life cycle assessment (LCA) based on the environmental footprint in accordance with ISO 14040/44. The company looked at a range of options and was inspired by the salmon industry, which has made significant progress in measuring and improving its environmental footprint thanks to tools such as Sustell. In that regard, David Nickell, vice president of Sustainability and Business Solutions, Nutrition and Animal Health at DSM-Firmenich highlighted that “Grupo Almar is a pioneer in the shrimp industry and Sustell will possess both a complete and accurate environmental footprint and the scenario testing capabilities to map and make tangible improvements in sustainability.” “As seen with Sustell users around the world and across multiple industries, this then opens the door to greater production efficiency and farm profitability, while unlocking new value opportunities, such as product eco-labeling, and access to sustainable financing.” For her part, Pamela Nath, director of the Sustainable Shrimp Partnership (SSP), commented: “We welcome this announcement and the concrete efforts it represents, which demonstrates that Ecuadorian shrimp production is committed to shrimp production with sustainable practices. We hope that this will continue

to inspire and motivate the industry to go even further in improving the sustainability of shrimp production.”

Advancing the value chain as well This collaboration between Almar Group and DSM-Firmenich will not only support the reduction of Almar Group’s own environmental footprint, but by validating the shrimp module for Sustell, it will enable the overall shrimp production value chain to improve its sustainability. In line with the company’s vision to “become world leaders in sustainable aquaculture based on high standards of quality and efficiency,” Almar Group produces approximately 10% of Ecuador’s exports, by weight, with only 2% of arable land. Continuous updating As reported from Almar and DSMFirmenich, Sustell is an advanced platform and additional consulting service, as needed, that uses farm-level data to simplify the complexity of measuring, validating and improving the environmental sustainability of animal protein - transparently, scientifically, farm by farm, production system by production system. Sustell accurately measures your entire environmental footprint and provides actionable information on how to reduce your impact. The tool, which has been in development for several years and is continuously updated, has been developed in collaboration with key partners such as Blonk, recognized experts in the field of agri-food life cycle analysis, as well as customers and users around the world to reflect the real needs of sustainable animal protein production. OCT - NOV 2023

Colors Farm, Evogene and Ben-Gurion University Collaborate to Establish Crustacean Gene Editing Technology

Leveraging a grant from the Israel Innovation Authority, the alliance sets out to improve crustacean traits, including growth rate, disease resistance, and environmental adaptation. Colors Farm, a cutting-edge company in sustainable aquaculture and biotech and Evogene, a leading computational biology company aiming to revolutionize life-science product discovery and development, announced collaboration with Ben-Gurion University (BGU), a renowned Israeli academic research institution, to develop gene editing technology for crustaceans. This synergistic collaboration will focus on crustaceans — specifically targeting giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), to enhance key traits such as growth rate, disease resistance, and environmental adaptation. The initiative has received a competitive grant from the Israel Innovation Authority (IIA), cementing its role as a pioneering endeavor in the realm of precision agriculture. “We are honored to be part of this project. Gene editing is a powerful tool that can enhance the economics and sustainability of crustacean production. We believe this collaboration will lead to significant advances in the aquaculOCT - NOV 2023

ture industry,” said Amir Sagi, professor at Ben-Gurion University. In the context of an escalating global demand for seafood, this collaboration is both timely and strategic. The global shrimp market, which stood at USD 66 billion in 2022, is predicted to increase to approximatelyUSD 88 billion by 2028, showcasing a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.7% from 2023 to 2028. Concurrently, the global crayfish market, valued at USD 16.19 billion in 2023, is further expected to grow at a CAGR of 31.5% over the forecast period of 2024-2032. These growing markets are driven by a rising appetite for seafood and an increasing emphasis on sustainable aquaculture practices, making the collaboration exceptionally relevant to meet these demands.

tions in gene editing for non-model organisms with sparse genomic data and protocols. Evogene is a computational biology company leveraging big data and artificial intelligence, aiming to revolutionize the development of life-science based products by utilizing cutting-edge technologies to increase the probability of success while reducing development time and cost.

Revolutionize crustacean production Ran Epstein, CEO of Colors Farm, emphasized the potential impact of gene editing on crustacean production: “This collaboration represents a major step forward for aquaculture. Gene editing has the power to revolutionize crustacean production, and we are excited to work with Evogene and BGU to turn this potential into reality,” he said. Three partners for one goal “We are pleased to collaborate with Each partner brings a distinct set of capabilities and expertise to this Colors Farm and BGU on this signifimulti-faceted project: Colors Farm will cant endeavor”, said Nir Arbel, CPO craft specialized solutions tailored to of Evogene: “Through precise modifithe gene editing requirements of gi- cations of crustacean genomes, gene ant freshwater prawn and white leg editing can enhance desired traits and shrimp; Evogene will leverage its ad- minimize environmental impact. We vanced GeneRator AI tech-engine believe that through this collaborato provide predictions for optimal tion, Evogene will be able to leverage guide RNAs (gRNAs), thereby facili- its knowledge and algorithmic capatating precise gene editing through bilities, developed in its GeneRator AI tech-engine, to design predictive CRISPR technology. For his part, the world-renowned gene editing solutions for organisms crustacean researcher Sagi will de- that lack complete and exhaustive velop a gene-editing platform for P. genomic and proteomic data. We beclarkii and spearhead the research and lieve this will open up the gene editing market to many additional Agridevelopment process. By pooling their unique strengths, tech companies.” this collaboration aims to provide a sustainable solution to existing limita» 11

INDUSTRY NEWS

Thai Union launched SeaChange 2030, committing USD 200 million to advance sustainability goals World seafood leader Thai Union Group announced the launch of SeaChange 2030, the next stage of its sustainability strategy to help reshape the seafood industry with solutions across people and planet that better sustain a future for all. “The time for change is now”, they said. That’s why Thai Union is committing the equivalent of its entire 2022 net profit of THB 7.2 billion (USD 200 million) to SeaChange through 2030 and setting aggressive new goals that will impact the entire seafood value chain on a global scale. SeaChange 2030 marks a significant expansion of the company’s sustainability strategy, first created in 2016, due to its 11 interconnected 12 »

goals that will drive global impact for our people and our planet. “The seafood industry needs to do more when it comes to caring for our people, our planet and our oceans,” said Adam Brennan, Chief Sustainability Officer of Thai Union. “The time for aggressive action is now. Through SeaChange, we aim to drive meaningful improvements across the entire global seafood industry. These ambitious commitments require the power and collaboration of communities, governments, and organizations that can help make long overdue structural changes a reality. Together with our partners, we’re asking the wider industry and our peers to join this effort.”

Thai Union launched SeaChange in 2016. Through this work, the company has been ranked No. 1 on the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices (DJSI) and has been listed for nine consecutive years. The company also currently ranks No. 1 on the Seafood Stewardship Index. “At Thai Union, we view SeaChange as our license to operate,” said for his part, Thiraphong Chansiri, President & CEO of the company. “We believe it is important to treat the resources we rely upon responsibly, so we can nourish people and provide work in communities all over the globe for generations to come. Our vision is to be the world’s most trusted seafood leader and SeaChange 2030 helps us OCT - NOV 2023

get there. The changes we will achieve through this strategy are crucial – not just for Thai Union, but for the good of us all.”

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Collaboration with impactful players Thai Union is collaborating with some of the most impactful players in global sustainability and eco-leadership to launch its next stage strategy as the seafood industry’s leading agent of change, engaging thousands of vessels and farms to meet these goals. These partners include the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership, Aquaculture Stewardship Council, The Nature

Conservancy, IDH – the Sustainable Trade Initiative and The Global Ghost Gear Initiative. Further, the company is aligning its net zero targets with the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) and will drive the deployment of new environmental data collection tools to help deliver a net zero economy. Thai Union is the first global seafood company to set goals verified by SBTi, accelerating meaningful progress in the industry.

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Commitments The commitments, which actively support the delivery of 10 of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, comprise a path to net zero emissions: a 42% reduction in Scope 1, 2 and 3 greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and net zero emissions by 2050. Also, responsible wild caught seafood: 100% of wild-caught seafood will be sourced responsibly or from a fishery in an improvement program and with responsible labor practices, extending Thai Union’s scope beyond tuna to other key species they source. Other commitments are responsible aquaculture: 100% of Thai Union’s shrimp is produced, minimizing ecosystem impact and meeting current industry best practices in welfare and working conditions; ecosystem restoration: Thai Union will contribute THB 250 million (more than USD 7 million) toward the protection and restoration of critical ecosystems; responsible agriculture: 100% of soy and palm oil will be certified, ensuring zero deforestation across the supply chain and 100% of chicken will be responsibly sourced. Furthermore, they compromise to achieve best-inclass manufacturing: Thai Union will implement zero water discharge, zero waste to landfill and zero food loss at its five key global facilities; ocean plastics reduction: Thai Union will divert 1,500 tons of ocean-bound plastic from waterways and oceans; nutrition & health: 100% of branded ambient products will meet nutritional guidelines and 100% of new ambient products will drive positive nutrition; sustainable packaging: 100% of branded products will be in sustainable packaging by 2025 and the company will advocate for at least 60% of private label products to be in sustainable packaging; corporate citizenship: Thai Union will contribute THB 250 million (more than USD 7 million) to give back to the communities in which it operates, in addition to ongoing support during times of crisis. Achieving these goals, they explain, will help reduce carbon, minimize waste, safeguard and rebuild ecosystems, ensure safe, decent, and equitable work is a reality across the value chain, and advance a healthier world.

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GREENHOUSES AND POND LINERS

Role of pond lining in dynamics of sulphur recycling bacteria in pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) grow out culture ponds Plastic lining ponds provide better management and healthier environmental conditions. Sulphur cycling bacteria can serve as an indicator of pond environmental conditions. By: Aquaculture Magazine Editorial Team*

Introduction

n aquaculture systems, water quality is largely controlled by microbial biodegradation of organic wastes (Avnimelech et al., 1995; Abraham et al., 2004) through mineralization. In aquatic environments, microorganisms play a role in nutrient recycling and organic matter formation and decomposition. Heterotrophic bacteria oxidize organic waste, while autotrophic nitrifying and sulphur bacteria handle troublesome chemicals such ammonium, nitrite, and sulphide (Moriarty, 1997). Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and sulphur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) primarily reduce and oxidize sulphates and hydrogen sulphide in pond bottoms, promoting a healthy environment in commercial shrimp culture ponds (Syed et al., 2006; Rao et al., 2000; Devaraja et al., 2002; Burford et al., 2003; Abraham et al., 2004, 2015; Fernandes et al., 2000). Limited 14 »

research exists on the role of sulphur cycling bacteria in Penaeus vannamei culture systems. In 1998, Smith and Briggs recommended full pond liners (bitumen impregnated geotextile) to manage nutrient load in shrimp culture systems. However, they did not address the impact of pond lining on microbial dynamics, despite its high input and zero water exchange. These investigations compare observations on trends in total heterotrophs, vibrios, and sulphur cycling bacteria (SOB and SRB) are crucial for understanding the ecosystem in commercial P. vannamei cultivation ponds.

Materials and methods Place of study 99 Group I studied three earthen ponds (1.0 ha each) 2.5 km from Gulf of Cambay in Onjal village,

Navsari district, Gujarat (India) with P. vannamei postlarval (PL 12) stocking density at 30 nos. m-2. 99 Group II included three 1.0 ha fully lined ponds with P. vannamei post-larvae (PL 12) stocking density of 95 no. m-2, located 2 km from Gulf of Cambayat village in Navsari district, Gujarat (India) and lined with geosynthetic manufactured materials (GSE) (300 μm thickness). Pond preparation Both systems began with a water probiotic dose before seed stocking. The ponds were lined with 300 μm GSE. Aeration in earthen ponds was achieved using paddle wheel aerators at 8 HP/ha from 3 h in the morning to 30 days of culture (DOC), 8 h to 50 DOC, 10 h to 75 DOC, and 12 h until harvest. Aeration was deOCT - NOV 2023

livered in lined ponds before stocking during pond preparation for rice ferment and probiotic applications. Afterward, 24 hours @ 6 HP/ha up to 30 DOC, 8 HP to 50 DOC, 10 HP to 75 DOC, and 12 HP until harvest. The shrimp were fed commercial feed (30-35% crude protein, 2.53.0% crude lipid, < 3% crude fiber, < 15% ash, and < 12% moisture). Initially, blind feeding was done up to 28 DOC, later adjusted based on feed intake in check trays (from 60% to 1.8% at the conclusion of culture time). Food was given in four equal meals daily at intervals of 4 hours. Water probiotics comprised Bacillus sp, while soil probiotics included Rhodobacter, Rhodococcus, and Thiobacillus denitrificans (liquid and powder formulations). Additionally, the central drainage system constantly cleaned accumulated sludge in the liner pond after 70 DOC (Table 1). OCT - NOV 2023

A sample collection Every two weeks, water and sediment samples were collected from ponds in sterile plastic bottles and bags, respectively. They were transported to the lab in an insulated box with precooled gel ice packets. Samples were: pond drying, subsurface soil scraping

and liming (Agril. lime). To maintain a healthy pond, follow these steps: fill with sea water using a four-stage filtration system (20, 40, 60, 80 mesh), bleach with 30% chlorine at 400 kg/ ha, lime with agricultural lime at 100 kg/ha after 3 days, fertilize with fermented juice (100 kg rice bran + 10

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GREENHOUSES AND POND LINERS

kg jaggery + 100 g yeast per 100 L pond water), ferment juice weekly and add microbial products. Post-larvae shrimp stocking processed within 4 h of collection and stored for further analysis. Physico-chemical analysis Water samples were analyzed for pH, salinity, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, carbonate, bicarbonate, total alkalinity, nitrite nitrogen and total ammonia nitrogen and sediment samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus using standard procedures [American Public Health Association (APHA), 1998].

out the culture period, whereas it showed a decreasing trend may be due to higher population of heterotrophic bacterial population in earthen ponds (Panjaitan, 2010). Soil quality parameters in earthen ponds The pH value ranged from 7.92 to 8.44 (8.204 ± 0.081), organic carbon percentage ranged from 0.43 to 0.94% (0.72 ± 0.007), available nitrogen content ranged from 101.91 to 230.5 kg/ha (158.5 ± 15.18), available phosphorous ranged from 16.99 to 88.73 kg/ha (56.86 ± 21.22) and avail-

able potassium ranged from 3,022.7 to 5,288 kg/ha (442.38 ± 590.47) were within the normal range. Bacteriological population The trend in the bacterial populations with the progress of culture is shown in Figures 1–4. As shown in Table 2, the total bacterial counts (TBC), total vibrio count (TVC), SOB and SRB in both the systems were significantly different (p < 0.01). The average counts of bacterial populations in earthen pond sediments were found to be higher in all the ponds compared with the water samples.

Bacteriological analysis Water and sediment samples were analyzed for heterotrophic bacteria and presumptive vibrio counts on Zobell marine agar and thiosulfate-citratebile saltssucrose agar, respectively (Gilliland et al., 1976; Austin, 1988). Sulphur recycling bacteria, SOB and SRB by Most Probable Number MPN technique using specific medium (Rodina, 1972). The media employed for the isolation of SOB include both composed of 3.0 g to 0.5 g (NH4)2SO4, traces of FeSO4 in 1,000 ml distilled water with pH 8.0. Statistical analysis Statistical significance of difference between the treatments means and correlation analysis was computed using statistical package. Differences between means were determined and compared by Tukey’s test.

Results and discussion

Physico-chemical parameters of water The levels of physico-chemical parameters like pH, salinity, CO3-2, HCO3-1, total alkalinity, NO2–N and NH3–N are well within the optimum values (MPEDA, 1992) in both the groups. The pH values in earthen ponds did not show wide variations through16 »

OCT - NOV 2023

The TBC outnumbered the TVC, SOB and SRB populations indicating the major role of abundant heterotrophic bacteria over the autotrophic beneficial bacterial populations. Similar results were also reported by other authors (Rao et al., 2000; Devaraja et al., 2002; Patil et al., 2012). In both the groups, the applications of disinfectants, in the present study, though might have worked at the time of application have not helped in controlling the pathogenic bacteria that is vibrios or even the water quality deteriorating bacterial population in the long run and the system comes to

its original state where it was before application. Total bacterial population The mean TBC of pond water and sediments were close to or above 6.0 log CFU/ml suggesting abundant availability of nutrients in both the systems. During the culture period, the values of TBC observed were in agreement with earlier studies (Abraham et al., 2004, 2015; Patil et al., 2012). Rao et al. (2000) reported TBC of 3 log 1.40 to 4 log 3.40 CFU/ml in water samples and 3 log 2.60 to 5 log 6.10 CFU/ml in sediment sam-

ples. The earthen pond water sample showed the first peak of 6 log 8.60 ± 1.15 CFU/ml at 23 DOC and subsequently the second peak was observed at 104 DOC (6 log 8.37 ± 1.17 CFU/ml), whereas the highest peak in lined ponds was observed at 136 DOC (6 log 7.25 ± 2.05 CFU/ml). After bleaching of pond water and 5 days prior to stocking of seeds (prestocking period), the TBC were 6 log 0.53 ± 0.06 CFU/ml and 6 log 3.73 ± 0.65 CFU/ml in earthen and lined ponds, respectively. The use of high aerations might be the reason for the high bacterial growth (Fernandes et al., 2010). The sediment samples of earthen ponds showed slightly higher TBC than the water samples, so also in earlier reports (Abraham et al., 2004, 2015; Patil et al., 2012). Total presumptive vibrio population The total presumptive vibrio count was 2 log 0.73 ± 0.05 CFU/ml and 2 log 3.67 ± 0.98 CFU/ml in earthen and lined ponds, respectively. As with TBC, the higher population of TVC in lined ponds may also be due to longer duration of initial preparation time given before stocking, allowing the proliferation of the vibrio proliferation. The high vibrio load in lined ponds throughout the culture period must be attributed to the higher stocking density in lined ponds. This might be due to the steady increase in the accumulation of organic matter in pond bottom (Moriarty, 1997; Sujatha, 2007) as is witnessed by total quantum of feed per pond in each group (Group I – 9.45 t and Group II – 10.35 t). Large amount of organic matter in shrimp culture pond is possible due to high stocking density, overfeeding, uneaten feed, fecal matter, fertilizers and overblooming (Kautsky et al., 2000). Sulphur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) and sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) The SOB and SRB are important in converting sulphur and sulphur-related compounds. The sulphur recycling

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GREENHOUSES AND POND LINERS

bacteria that is SOB and the SRB were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in lined pond compared with earthen ponds throughout the culture period indicating the role of soil substratum requirement for the proliferation and favorable condition requirement for the growth of this bacteria (Abraham et al., 2004, 2015). The SOB and SRB populations were 4 log 1.44 ± 6.87 CFU/ml, 3 log 8.50 ± 2.17 CFU/ml and 3 log 0.58 ± 0.25 CFU/ml, 3 log 0.85 ± 0.22 CFU/ml, respectively, for earthen

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and lined ponds. The levels of SOB and SRB counts in the present study were in accordance with Patil et al. (2012) but were much lower than the previous reports (Suplee and Cotner, 1996; Rao et al., 2000). However, Devaraja et al. (2002) and Abraham et al. (2004, 2015) reported even lower counts. The results of the present study reflect the intensification of culture practices and effect of the stocking density. The counts of SOB in earthen ponds decreased up to 70 DOC then after showed an

increasing trend with a peak of 3 log 45.00 ± 16.46 CFU/ml at 172 DOC. A drastic increase after 70 DOC was observed which may be due to increased frequency of soil probiotics application and aeration. The counts of SOB in lined ponds showed an increasing trend up to 120 DOC with a peak of 3 log 1.33 ± 0.21 CFU/ml and drop at the end of culture period (136 DOC). Though SRBs were considered anaerobic bacteria, they were present both in pond bottom sediments and water column. The earlier studies by Rao et al. (2000), Devaraja et al. (2002) and Patil et al. (2012) also supported the present observations. The possible reason for higher SRB counts in water column might be attributed to creation of anaerobic conditions at the center of microniche due to higher activity of heterotrophic bacteria (Schramm et al., 1999). The SRB counts in earthen pond water samples were almost stable up to 85 DOC, increased drastically with a peak at 172 DOC (4 log 2.53 ± 4.62 CFU/ml) indicating the pond deterioration in the second half of the culture. It registered a drastic drop at 133 DOC and then again increased OCT - NOV 2023

till the end of culture. Significant reduction in SRB counts coincides with the application of soil probiotics. The role of probiotic applications in improving the pond conditions are supported by several researchers (Devaraja et al., 2002; Patil et al., 2012; Abraham et al., 2015). Almost similar trend was observed in pond sediments but with slightly higher SRB counts. An increasing trend of SRB in pond sediment samples up to 56 DOC also supports the assumption of deteriorating pond conditions and the drop in SRB count then after coinciding with the application of soil probiotics. The SRB counts in lined ponds increased up to 59 DOC with a peak of 3 log 2.30 ± 0.70 CFU/ml and then decreased may be due to applications of soil probiotics and regular sludge removal. Also, the SRB populations in lined ponds were managed through regular exchange of bottom sludge using central drainage system otherwise the SRB populations could have outnumbered the SOB populations (Smith, 1998). In conclusion, accumulation of organic matter (sludge) leads not only to increases in sediment oxygen demand but also to anaerobic conditions re-

sulting in production of undesirable gasses such as hydrogen sulphide. To avoid these unfavorable conditions in pond environment, sludge has to be managed by removing at certain period of time. With the intensification in aquaculture, the accumulation of heavy organic load leads to the deterioration of environment which in turn will lead to poor growth and survival of the cultured aquatic animal (Prawitwilaikul et al., 2006). Plastic lining ponds provides an easy removal of the organic load thereby permitting higher stocking densities and harvests compared with earthen ponds. It is important to study the dynamics of this recycling microorganism and their behavior in the present system of culture in the context of commercial products application. In the present study, the microbial population density differs significantly with the type of culture system in spite of the stocking density and is mostly indicated by the corresponding load of sulphur cycling bacterial populations. Also, the farm level interventions like application of probiotics play a significant role in maintaining the healthier pond environment. Further research on managing these populations through suitable

and appropriate bacterial consortiums (probiotics formulations), their dosage and schedule of application will aid in improving the water quality requirements of the aquatic organism in different systems of culture.

This informative version of the original article is sponsored by: REEF INDUSTRIES INC.

References and sources consulted by the author on the elaboration of this article are available under previous request to our editorial staff. This is a summarized version developed by the editorial team of Aquaculture Magazine based on the review article titled “ROLE OF POND LINING IN DYNAMICS OF SULPHUR RECYCLING BACTERIA IN PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP, PENAEUS VANNAMEI GROW OUT CULTURE PONDS” developed by: MANOHARAN, N.- Bharathidasan University, India, SOLANKI, H.G.- Navsari Agricultural University, India and RAY, A.K.- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, India. The original article was published, including tables and figures, on JULY-DECEMBER, 2017, through INDIAN JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES. The full version can be accessed online through this link: 10.5958/09740147.2017.00014.9.

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Innovation in the Norwegian aquaculture industry The escalating intricacy of the aquaculture sector is a subject of noteworthy concern, with a notable emphasis on the observation that the majority of innovations are initiated by suppliers rather than the aquaculture producers themselves. By: Aquaculture Magazine Editorial Team*

he world aquaculture sector has experienced significant growth in recent decades, with a global production increase from 2.6 million metric tons in 1970 to 87.5 million metric tons in 2020. This growth has

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occurred both at the extensive margin, with production expanding to new countries and species, and at the intensive margin, with the adoption of new knowledge and technologies resulting in more intensive production practices. The main drivers of

this growth are innovations, including the transfer and adoption of knowledge from agriculture, which have led to increased productivity and reduced production costs. Research has examined the phenomenon of productivity increase OCT - NOV 2023

in production, with its growth rate surpassing the overall growth rate of aquaculture and holding the second highest value globally, following shrimp. The Norwegian salmon industry serves as a significant contributor not only to salmon aquaculture but also to the broader field of aquaculture worldwide due to the transfer and application of knowledge and technology from the salmon industry to other species.

and technical inefficiency across different species in the field of aquaculture. A growing body of literature has emerged that focuses on the identification of innovators and adopters of new technologies within this domain. However, there has been a lack of efforts to conduct a comprehensive assessment of significant advancements in aquaculture across many species over an extended period. The significance of this matter lies in the necessity of ongoing advancements for ensuring the sustained and environmentally responsible expansion of aquaculture production and the promotion of heightened seafood consumption. This research aims to elucidate the innovation processes related to important technologies in salmon aquaculture by presenting a comprehensive assessment of the primary innovations in Norwegian aquaculture since 1970. Salmon is considered one of the most successful species in aquaculture in terms of its growth OCT - NOV 2023

The Norwegian salmon aquaculture industry The aquaculture industry of Norwegian salmon begins with the spawning of salmon in rivers and lakes across the northern Atlantic region during the late fall season. The salmon species spends its initial developmental phase within freshwater habitats, undergoes a physiological transformation called smoltification, and migrates towards the ocean during periods of increased water flow in the spring. The industry’s focus has shifted towards global markets, resulting in the exportation of over 95% of its production to more than 100 countries. The aquaculture industry in Norway has experienced significant

Salmon is considered

one of the most successful species in aquaculture in terms of its growth in production.

growth since 1985, with an average annual growth rate of 12.5% from 1985 to 2020. However, this growth rate fell to 4.1% from 2010 to 2020 due to increased output levels. The price and cost development can be attributed to factors such as productivity and demand growth. Until 2000, the growth in productivity surpassed the growth in demand due to a significant decline in prices, which persuaded a larger number of consumers to purchase salmon (Figure 1). After 2000, there was a sustained growth in production, accompanied by a stabilization of both price and unit cost, suggesting the development of a more mature industry. However, there are evidence of significant price

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fluctuations, indicative of typical commodity price cycles. A third phase commenced around 2010, characterized by limited access to new production sites due to environmental considerations, resulting in higher prices as production expansion is indirectly constrained not only in Norway but also in other salmon-producing nations facing similar challenges.

Innovations across the value chain in the Norwegian aquaculture industry The Norwegian aquaculture industry has often experienced advantageous outcomes in terms of innovation and technology adoption through interactive learning processes, involving various actors such as aquaculture firms, suppliers engaged in breeding, feed production, vaccination, technical equipment provision, and research institutions. The distinctive feature of salmon farming is the grow-out phase, which takes place after the fish are transferred to saltwater. The initial implementation of salmon pens in Norway can be traced back to 1970, when Ove and Sivert Grøntvedt deployed the first successful pen off the island of Hitra.

The progressive modifications in the prevailing technology used for salmon production since the establishment of the industry include the introduction of feeding barges, more advanced tools for fish feeding and monitoring pen activity, and integrated steel platforms. In the early 2000s, big plastic rings started being employed as floaters, but this trend is currently undergoing changes due to the emergence of offshore buildings. Aquaculture faces numerous challenges, including increased production costs and environmental externalities. Small-scale agricultural establishments often operate in areas with substandard water quality and inadequate oxygenation, leading to relocation of farms to more exposed regions. In recent times, the need to mitigate salmon lice has led to the relocation of farms to offshore locations. Farming technology Sea pens are closely associated with key concerns in the aquaculture industry, as they can result in environmental externalities. Salmon escapes are a significant threat to wild fish populations, and efforts to prevent escape incidents have gained momen-

Aquaculture faces numerous challenges, including increased production costs and environmental externalities.

tum in the 2000s. The Norwegian Aquaculture Escapes Commission (AEC) implemented the Norwegian technical standard NS9415 in 2004, leading to design standards for feed barges, floaters, net cages, and mooring systems. To tackle these issues, advancements in fish farm technology are being made in various directions, such as offshore farming, semi-enclosed sea pens, and land-based recycling aquaculture systems (RAS). For example, SalMar introduced the Ocean Farm 1 concept in 2017, which is equipped with 20,000 sensors to facilitate monitoring and feeding processes with a maximum capacity of 1.5 million Atlantic salmon. The growth of the aquaculture sector has led to significant changes in the industrial structure through organizational innovations. Specialized equipment such as fishnets and technology and service providers have emerged, with companies like Akva Group, Scale AQ, and Fiizk playing a significant role in advancing farming technology and production methods through collaborative efforts with fish farmers and researchers. A growing proportion of the production process is being conducted on land, driven by enhancing production within existing licenses and circumventing the need for licenses altogether. This shift also affords greater control over the production process. Juvenile production Juvenile salmon generation involves hatching eggs to yield initial finger-

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lings or fry, which are nurtured and developed into smolt. The process of juvenile salmon generation entails hatching eggs to yield initial fingerlings or fry, which are subsequently housed within enclosures situated in freshwater lakes. Over time, the efficiency of equipment in juvenile production has improved, resulting in increased speed and capacity to handle larger volumes. The use of artificial light has also been introduced to expedite the smoltification process, allowing for year-round production of smolts. This has led to reduced physical strain on employees and improved care in fish handling. The size of smolts has remained consistent, ranging from 80 to 100 g, with breeding efforts prioritizing sea pens over land-based smolt production due to higher capital requirements. However, challenges associated with acquiring additional licenses have affected smolt output, leading companies to strategically shift production to land to optimize license utilization and mitigate salmon lice effects. Smolt producers have also made significant contributions to the salmon industry by using innovative practices during the smolt production stage, resulting in decreased costs during the grow-out phase. The rise in production expenses is a conscious choice to produce larger smolts. Fish health The health of fish is a significant concern in the salmon industry, as it is susceptible to diseases due to the dense concentration of biomass within a confined space. In the mid-1980s, the sector faced elevated mortality rates caused by infectious bacterial and viral infections such as cold water vibriosis, furunculosis, infectious salmon anaemia (ISA), and pancreatic necrosis (IPN). The use of antibiotics in the industry has led to environmental pollution issues at the local level. OCT - NOV 2023

Fish-veterinary medicine emerged, contributing to the advancement of hygienic and handling practices. Oilbased vaccines were introduced in the late 1980s, leading to a significant reduction in antibiotic consumption in the early 1990s. Pacific salmon lice infections have also been a significant challenge in the aquaculture sector. Strategies such as chemical treatments, feed additives, and cleaner fish have been employed to combat these issues. However, ef-

The salmon aquaculture industry has faced challenges in terms of cost, sustainability, and animal welfare.

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The industry successfully developed a type of feed that sinks at a slower rate.

fective prevention measures still pose a challenge. In 2017, a novel vaccine targeting IPN was introduced, while a DNAbased vaccine designed to provide immunization against ISA received initial approval for implementation in Norway. The sector is currently exploring alternative options like dip vaccines and nanoparticles to foster innovation. In conclusion, advancements in fish health have facilitated the maintenance of robust and high-quality fish populations while ensuring economic viability. However, the significance of diseases as the primary obstacle to the advancement of aquaculture on a global scale remains uncertain. Breeding and genetics Systematic breeding programs aim to selectively enhance specific features within a population, increasing the organism’s productivity for a particular goal. This technique has been crucial in terrestrial agriculture as it facilitates accelerated growth and enhanced size of both animals and plants while enabling them to effectively acclimate to certain environmental conditions. The development of a systematic breeding program for salmon was a significant milestone in the field of aquatic species, dating back to the early 1970s. Profes24 »

sor Harald Skjervold is recognized as a trailblazer in salmon breeding, applying principles and methodologies derived from cattle breeding. In 1971, AKVAFORSK, a publicly supported organization, initiated a systematic breeding program by procuring fertilized eggs from 40 Norwegian rivers to acquire a diverse genetic foundation. Four generations, each with a four-year growth cycle, were established to supply breeding stock to the agricultural sector. The primary objective of the breeding program initially focused on enhancing fish growth, which has proven highly successful in promoting accelerated growth. Over time, both publicly funded and private breeding companies have made significant advancements in fish and shellfish breeding systems on a global scale. Private companies have increasingly taken the lead in these programs, resulting in various benefits such as enhanced growth rates, reduced production time, delayed sexual maturation in salmon, improved feed utilization, decreased mortality rates, and enhanced fillet quality. Feed The fish-feed segment has witnessed crucial innovations, with the initial feeds consisting of around 80%

fishmeal and fish oil, combined with wheat to form a cohesive mixture and astaxanthin to achieve desired coloration of salmon flesh. One of the initial environmental challenges faced by the industry was the issue of uneaten feed sinking through the cages and accumulating nutrients beneath them. By altering the physical makeup of the pellets, the industry successfully developed a type of feed that sinks at a slower rate, resulting in a substantial reduction in pollution levels and an improvement in the feed conversion ratio. The salmon aquaculture industry has faced both economic and environmental concerns due to its reliance on marine materials. The use of fishmeal in aquafeed has led to increased costs and increased fishing pressure, while environmental concerns have been raised about the potential consequences of increased demand for fishmeal. However, advancements in nutritional knowledge have allowed for the substitution of marine ingredients with plant-based alternatives, making up only 25% of the average salmon feed. Nutritional research has led to the development of pre-rigor filleting techniques, which involve slaughtering and filleting fish before they reach a stiffness condition, significantly deOCT - NOV 2023

creasing the time required for the fish to reach the market. Just-in-time logistic chains have also been developed to transport fish more efficiently. To ensure animal welfare, anesthesia is necessary for salmon before euthanasia, which can cause stress in the fish. In 2010, CO2 was prohibited due to concerns about fish wellbeing. Alternative methods of anesthesia, such as electrical currents and physical impact, have emerged, and the salmon harvesting and processing industry has seen a shift towards automation and robotics. Primary fish processing The size of harvested plants has increased, leading to a greater spatial separation between entities involved. This has resulted in the emergence of a distinct sector known as well-boats, which specialize in transportation of farmed salmon from the aquaculture facility to the processing facility. Recently, vessels equipped with on-board slaughtering facilities have been introduced to expedite the process and minimize land-based capital investments. Currently, well boats are used for lice treatment near the cage, equipped with compartments or containers that facilitate the circulation of fresh seawater. The evolution of well boats and associated technologies has closely paralleled the growth and progress of the Norwegian aquaculture industry. In conclusion, the salmon aquaculture industry has faced challenges in terms of cost, sustainability, and animal welfare. Advancements in nutritional knowledge, the use of prerigor filleting techniques, and the use of well boats have contributed to the industry’s growth and success.

Discussion and conclusions The Norwegian salmon industry has experienced a dynamic process of innovations that have enhanced productivity and increased control with the production process. This OCT - NOV 2023

has been largely conducted by new supplier industries, where specialized suppliers identified the growing industry as a market, leading to innovations providing better inputs at lower costs. Today, there are specialized suppliers for a wide range of equipment, sensors, control systems, and services such as veterinary tests, net cleaning, and research. The size of everything in salmon aquaculture has increased, suggesting that innovations are important for creating and allowing economies of scale to be exploited. Innovations have generally been scale-biased or scale-increasing, and through the value chain from smolt production via sea transportation and grow-out farming to private processing, the optimal economic scale has increased. Public incentives and the regulatory system are facilitating these innovations. Innovations in open and closed production systems allow for several new value chain configurations, which can reduce firms’ internal production costs and external costs of environmental emissions, diseases, and salmon lice (Figure 3). As of now, no-one knows what production concepts will be used in salmon farming in the future, but it is highly interesting that the basic production technology, open sea pens, is being challenged, and all new concepts increase the control with the produc-

The rise in production expenses is a conscious choice to produce larger smolts.

tion process and the potential for further innovation. The innovation system that has helped create the salmon industry has been rapidly growing, consisting of aquaculture companies, suppliers, research institutes, and universities. In 2015, the total funding for the salmon industry was US$ 211.24 million. Innovations in the supply chain are equally important for the competitiveness of any industry, including logistics, product development, and perceptions of the species.

This is a summarized version developed by the editorial team of Aquaculture Magazine based on the review article titled “INNOVATION IN THE NORWEGIAN AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY” developed by: AFEWERKI, S.- SINTEF Ocean, Norway, ASCHE, F.-University of Florida, USA, and University of Stavanger, Norway, MISUND, B.- University of Stavanger Business School, Norway, THORVALDSEN, T.- SINTEF Ocean, Norway, and TVETERAS, R.- University of Stavanger Business School, Stavanger, Norway. The original article was published, including tables and figures, on MARCH, 2023, through REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE. The full version can be accessed online through this link: 10.1111/raq.12755.

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Engineered-Airlift pumps

can help aquaculture systems to perform better

By: Josh Rosettani, Marcia Chiasson and Wael Ahmed*

ecirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are gaining popularity as a sustainable solution amidst challenges such as the global shortage of fresh water, rising land prices, heightened

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One method through which fish farmers can reduce power consumption while improving water quality is replacing conventional technologies used for maintaining water quality with more energy efficient devices such as airlift pumps. This article presents the results of the evaluation of the Engineered-Airlift pumps that were designed to offer a substantial reduction in total energy usage as well as an improved quality of the culture products in order to make it attractive to aquaculture industry.

environmental awareness, and concerns over water source contamination. Despite these advantages, the profitability of RAS remains hampered by the elevated cost of energy. One method through which fish

farmers can reduce power consumption while improving water quality is replacing conventional technologies used for maintaining water quality with more energy efficient devices such as airlift pumps. Airlift pumps OCT - NOV 2023

generally operate using air blowers or compressors, with the air injected at the bottom of a pipe so that the air bubbles are acting as pistons rising in this pipe by the buoyancy force effect allowing for water to be lifted while the mixing effect enhances the oxygen transfer between air and water (Figure 1). Currently, very few aquaculture operations are employing airlift pump technology for water recirculation, aeration, and waste removal. This is likely due to the poor design and lower efficiency of traditional airlift design, the limited amount of research effort that has been invested in improving performance capabilities of air lift pumps and the general lack of awareness of the industry about potential capabilities of a well-designed airlift pumps. Utilizing expertise in multiphase flow (flow of more than one fluid together) and fluid dynamics, we have optimized the airlift design specifically for aquaculture, resulting in the development of a refined engineereddesign. With a specific submergence ratio, it is possible to predict both the water volume flow rate and the amount of aeration (Figure 1). This allows for a guaranteed performance of the pump. This technology is now commercialized by a new start-up known as

FloNergia Systems Inc. Known as FloMov, this design utilizes a patented air injection method (shown in Figure 2) to regulate the air flow through the pump, producing distinct effects on the water movement. More specifically, an axial mode of air injection resulting in larger air bubbles formed underwater provides greater water flow; while a radial mode of air injection results in smaller bubbles to provide greater mass transfer between the air and the water. This occurs because larger bubbles will create so-called “slugs” which takes up a greater portion of the pipe’s cross section, acting as air piston and generating the water pumping effect. Meanwhile, the smaller air bubbles involved act as a greater membrane surface area between the air and the water, allowing for more diffusion of oxygen into the water. Enhanced water circulation and aeration contribute to maintaining optimal water quality for fish health in aquaculture operations. It is important to note that the pump will be able to handle solids such as fish waste and feed, as it lacks moving parts and does not require lubrication.

The FloMov airlift was able to better oxygenate the water compared to the OARC control tank.

Testing Field tests were performed at the Ontario Aquaculture Research Centre (OARC) to evaluate the FloMov tech-

nology compared to an optimized control tank equipped with aerators designed for land-based fish production (Figure 3). Influent water is pumped from six groundwater wells to a central head tank (Table 1). From there, the groundwater undergoes degassing and oxygenation by passing through five degassing columns with plastic media before being directed the wet laboratories. Aerated water was provided to each tank at a rate of at 380 L/min. Flows were measured weekly and were adjusted as necessary to maintain the desired flow rate. Rearing tanks, approximately 70,000 L in volume, were located in an outOCT - NOV 2023

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door lab, an enclosed building with a canvas cover allowing for a natural photoperiod. Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) sourced from the OARC were selected for this study. Mixed sex Arctic char approximately 735 g were randomly distributed in two production-scale rearing tanks (1,500 fish/tank) where they were maintained using controlled tank aerators (control) or the FloMov (treatment). Feed rations were calculated daily using expected feed conversion and suggested feed rates for this species developed by the OARC. Mortality was recorded daily for each tank. Dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TTS) and Turbidity, reported as Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU), were measured. The type and frequency of measurements is summarized in Table 2. In addition, the surface velocity measurements in the tanks were collected at an approximate flow rate of 200-300 L/min and 700 L/min into the controlled and FloMov circulation systems respectively using Sontek FlowTracker device.

over the duration of the trial can be seen in Figure 4 and 5 respectively. The results clearly demonstrate that the FloMov airlift outperformed the OARC control tank in oxygenating the water, as evidenced by higher values for both total dissolved oxygen and saturation. Upon observing images of both tanks taken under the surface of the water, it was evident that the OARC control tank had

considerably more floating solids compared to the FloMov tank. The measurements of total suspended solids (TSS) over the trial period further confirm this observation. Figure 6 illustrates that the FloMov tank, as shown in the plot of measured total suspended solids (TSS) for both tanks, maintained an average of 38.26% less TSS throughout the trial period.

Results and Discussion Significant differences were noted in two water quality parameters, dissolved oxygen and the measurement of total suspended solids. Dissolved oxygen was greater in the treatment tank (8.68 mg/L) with the FloMov system compared to the control tank (8.023 mg/L; p = 0.002). The results of the dissolved oxygen readings as well as the saturation was plotted

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The airlift design is optimized for aquaculture and now an engineered design is developed.

fouling during the trial and required no maintenance during the whole operation. This study found that the FloMov system significantly improved some water quality parameters, such as velocity, dissolved oxygen and total suspended solids measured in the morning.

Conclusion This study tested the effect of FloMov airlift on water quality parameters and fish productivity in a commercial aquaculture setting compared to a

more expensive aeration system optimized for land-based fish production. The FloMov were simple to install and operate. Additionally, the FloMov pumps did not experience much bio-

Acknowledgement This research is funded by the Gryphon’s LAAIR (Leading to the Accelerated Adoption of Innovative Research) through the Ontario Agri-Food Innovation Alliance, a collaboration between the Government of Ontario and the University of Guelph.”. The Ontario Aquaculture Research Centre is owned by the Government of Ontario through its agency, the Agricultural Research Institute of Ontario, and managed by the University of Guelph through the Ontario Agri-Food Innovation Alliance.

Josh Rosettani FloNergia System Inc., Ontario, Canada. Marcia Chiasson Ontario Aquaculture Research Centre, University of Guelph. Wael Ahmed School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

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What would be the expenses associated with relocating salmon aquaculture to inland areas? By: Salvador Meza*

The transition demands substantial investment, a steep learning curve, and conscious decisions in mitigating environmental impacts.

s salmon farming moves from the open sea and into land-based systems, it’s worth noting there are several complexities. Today we’ll discuss the primary challenges that this shift brings. Conservationists, seafood lovers, and salmon farmers alike view full-cycle land-based farming as a potentially game-changing revolution, but navigating the change can pose its fair share of hurdles. Firstly, the upfront financial costs for switching to land-based farming techniques can be daunting. These costs can include constructing new facilities, changing operational procedures, and training staff for the new processes. Next, we can’t gloss over the technological challenges. Dealing with water usage and waste disposal in land-based farming requires new, more rigorous systems and procedures. Traditional sea-based aquaculture seemed simplistic in comparison the vastness of the ocean naturally handles these aspects. Technolo-

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gies for filtration, oxygenation, temperature control, and water recycling must be reliable, otherwise, the health of the salmon would be at risk. Lastly, let’s talk about the environmental impacts. While land-based farms can reduce some of the environmental issues associated with seabased farming, they still carry their own environmental burden. The energy needed to operate these systems can be high, and if the energy comes from non-renewable sources, this can add another notch to the global carbon footprint. In conclusion, although the transition from sea-based farming to landbased systems can bring numerous benefits, it’s clear that there are many significant challenges that need tackling. As we look towards a sustainable future, meeting these challenges head-on, with knowledge, creativity, and determination, is vital. Remember, this transformation doesn’t only cater to the welfare of the salmon; it also aids in protecting our environment and seafood supply chain.

The upfront cost of transitioning from open sea to land-base salmon farming can be significant With the advanced technologies readily available, transitioning to land-based aquaculture seems to be the sustainable future of the salmon farming industry. However, this transition does carry its fair share of challenges. Let’s highlight and discuss some of these prominent challenges. Capital Intensive: Building and maintaining land-based aquaculture systems are capital-intensive enOCT - NOV 2023

deavors. Besides the high upfront investment, the recurring costs tied to technology, utilities, and labor can have a significant impact on the profitability potential of these operations (Table 1). Knowledge Gap: Transitioning to a different farming method requires an extensive understanding of the technology and the new operational methodology. Raising salmon on land may require different skills and knowledge that current sea-based farmers may not possess. There may OCT - NOV 2023

be a need for additional training and skill development to avoid significant losses and promote success. Expertise will be key to the success of this new industry. Traditional skills used in marine cage culture may not necessarily transfer to land-based operations. It’s a totally different production system. Environmental Concerns: While land-based salmon farming is often positioned as a more sustainable method, it has its environmental burdens. These include high energy us-

age, substantial water requirements, and waste management issues. The success of this transition heavily depends on how effectively these environmental challenges are approached and managed. » 31

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99 Energy usage: Land-based systems can consume a vast amount of energy, primarily when dealing with temperature control and water circulation. 99 Water requirements: Large volumes of fresh water are needed for land-based farms, which could stress local water resources. 99 Waste management: Effective waste disposal systems have to be in place to prevent any potential environmental damage. In summary, while land-based aquaculture presents a promising future for the salmon industry, these challenges need to be acknowledged and proactively addressed. The transition demands substantial investment, a steep learning curve, and conscious decisions in mitigating environmental impacts. However, with continued experimentation and resource commitment, these challenges can be addressed, moving the industry towards a more sustainable future.

How much money should the salmon industry invest to make the change to inland? Determining the exact amount of money that the salmon industry should invest in transitioning to inland aquaculture is a complex task. It depends on various factors such as the scale of the operation, the specific technology being used, and the desired production capacity. In general, establishing land-based salmon farms can require significant upfront investment due to the need for infrastructure development, including land acquisition, construction of facilities, and installation of specialized equipment. Additionally, ongoing operational costs such as energy, water, and labor should be considered. Therefore, a thorough cost analysis and feasibility study should be conducted to estimate the financial requirements for making the shift to inland aquaculture. One of the major cost drivers in transition32 »

ing from marine to inland aquaculture is the technology employed. Different technologies, such as recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) or flow-through systems, have varying capital and operational costs. RAS, for example, is known for its high initial investment due to the need for advanced water treatment and recirculation infrastructure. On the other hand, flow-through systems may require less capital investment but can have higher operational costs due to the continuous flow of water. Therefore, the choice of technology will significantly impact the overall financial investment needed for the transition. Another aspect to consider when determining the financial investment required for the shift to inland aqua-

culture is the regulatory framework. Different regions and countries have varying regulations and permitting processes for land-based aquaculture operations. Compliance with environmental regulations, obtaining necessary permits, and meeting local zoning requirements can add to the overall cost. It is essential for the salmon industry to work closely with regulatory bodies and stakeholders to understand and navigate the regulatory landscape, which will help in estimating the financial investment needed for the transition. Furthermore, the investment required for transitioning to inland aquaculture should also account for potential risks and uncertainties. As with any new venture, there are inherent risks associated with adoptOCT - NOV 2023

99 Additionally, the cost of producing salmon inland may be higher initially compared to traditional sea-based farming. This could result in higher prices for consumers, which may impact their willingness to switch to inland-produced salmon. However, as technology advances and economies of scale are achieved, the cost of production is likely to decrease, making inland aquaculture more competitive in the market.

ing new technologies and operating in a different environment. Adequate contingency plans and risk management strategies should be developed to mitigate these uncertainties. Allocating a portion of the investment for research and development, as well as for ongoing monitoring and optimization of the land-based farms, will help ensure the long-term success and sustainability of the industry.

Salmon produced inland will likely face slow market acceptance, requiring additional polishing and marketing expenses The acceptance of the consumer market for salmon produced inland is likely to be slow due to several factors. 99 Firstly, consumers are accustomed to purchasing salmon that OCT - NOV 2023

has been traditionally farmed in the sea, and there may be a perception that land-based farms cannot produce the same quality or taste. This perception may take time to change as consumers become more familiar with the concept of inland aquaculture and its benefits. 99 Secondly, there may be concerns about the environmental impact of land-based salmon farms. Some consumers may worry about the potential for pollution or the use of chemicals in these facilities. It will be important for the industry to address these concerns and communicate the sustainable practices and benefits of inland aquaculture to gain consumer trust.

To overcome these challenges, it will be crucial to invest in marketing and polishing the image of inland aquaculture. This can be done through targeted advertising campaigns, educational initiatives, and partnerships with retailers and restaurants. By highlighting the advantages of inland aquaculture, such as reduced environmental impact, improved fish welfare, and traceability, the industry can gradually build consumer acceptance and demand for salmon produced inland. In conclusion, determining the exact amount of money the salmon industry should invest in shifting to inland aquaculture is a multifaceted task. It depends on factors such as the scale of operation, technology choice, regulatory requirements, and risk management strategies. Conducting a comprehensive cost analysis, considering both upfront capital investment and ongoing operational costs, is crucial. Collaboration with experts, industry stakeholders, and regulatory bodies will aid in estimating the financial investment needed for a successful transition to landbased salmon farming.

Salvador Meza is Editor & Publisher of Aquaculture Magazine, and of the Spanish language industry magazine Panorama Acuicola.

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How agricultural rendering supports sustainability and assists livestock’s ability to contribute more than just food Rendering is essential in producing sustainable animal feed ingredients and pet food as well as many nonfood products consumers use every day playing a vital role in environmental sustainability worldwide. This article highlights how Rendering is highly sustainable; “Rendering is Recycling/Upcycling” and supports the three pillars of sustainability: Environmental, Social, Economic. By: Aquaculture Magazine Editorial Team*

gricultural Rendering will be referred to as “rendering” throughout this article. Render, from the French verb rendre, meaning “to give back,” is the act of processing and cooking undesired, or uneaten livestock and poultry meat that remains after a meat animal has been slaughtered and the meat used for consumption has been harvested. Rendering then safely and hygienically processes it to create new products so nothing is wasted. Renderers upcycle that unused material (fat, protein, feathers, bone, etc.) for new, secondary uses. Many meat eaters in North America consider roughly 50% of a meat animal to be “inedible,” leaving a large amount of material left over (NARA, 2020). Rendering reclaims this otherwise wasted food (protein, 34 »

bone, fat, etc.), as well as used cooking oil (UCO) from restaurants, and transforms it into ingredients for countless new goods-upcycling most of this unwanted meat from slaughter and processing into things like animal feed ingredients, safe and nutritious pet food, beauty, household and industrial products, biofuels, and many more useful and common goods. Instead of wasting these leftovers through other disposal methods, renderers in the United States and Canada recycle the materials into 15.7 million tons of fat, oil, and protein products annually (NARA, 2020). Doing this not only creates alternative, sustainable fuels to power trucks, trains, water vessels, and other vehicles but also nutritiously feeds cattle, hogs, turkeys, chickens, household pets, and other animals.

As a result, huge volumes of meat leftovers and UCO are kept out of landfills, resulting in a net reduction of carbon emissions, a substantial greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction, reduced food waste and saved landfill space. In addition, Renderers have quality and safety control systems in place with voluntary programs such as the Rendering Industry Code of Practice (NARA, 2017) designed to foresee hazards that could occur, and prevent them.

A sustainable contribution The sustainability benefits of rendering can be accurately tracked and are more highly valued as our environment faces threats of climate change and reduced landfill space. Additionally, consumers seem ever more aware of their sustainability practices when OCT - NOV 2023

making purchases due to this information and education on sustainability being widely available across media platforms. Rendering reduces the environmental impacts of animal agriculture by sequestering five times more GHGs than are produced (Gooding and Meeker, 2016). By reclaiming otherwise discarded meat leftovers, renderers make our food production footprint smaller (Figure 1). Specific areas of rendering’s sustainable contributions include reduced food waste, water reclamation, and sustainable pet food.

Reduced food waste Sixty-two billion pounds of raw materials are cooked and rendered to result in approximately 31.4 billion pounds of rendered products produced annually from in the United States and Canada. As a result, these huge volumes of meat leftovers and UCO are kept out of landfills, resulting in a net reduction of carbon emissions (NARA, 2020). Renderers pick up UCO from restaurants which helps reduce food waste from that sector, but plate waste is not well utilized because of

Renderers in the United States and Canada recycle

the materials into 15.7 million tons of fat, oil, and protein products annually.

lack of infrastructure and the high cost of logistics to collect and cook waste food for animal feed; additionally, no system exists to collect either UCO or other food waste from households. Grocery store leftovers would also be a contributor to food waste, but because renderers pick up those meat leftovers (in the form of trimmings, fat and bone) from butcher shops, grocers, and small slaughtering operations, grocery store waste has a much smaller footprint. Renderers also recycle billions of pounds of UCO from restaurants used to cook fried food items like French fries, and transforms that oil and fat into biodiesel, renewable diesel, and ingredients for pet food and animal feed. Water reclamation Rendering reclaims and cleans valuable water that would otherwise contribute to the decay of byproducts and cause contamination in the environment. The rendering process evaporates the moisture from the raw materials and processes all runoff and wash water though water treatment that meets regulatory standards. Annually, 3.7 billion gallons of water are reclaimed during the rendering process and naturally released back into the environment through evaporation or returned as clean water to streams and rivers (NARA, 2020)— that is enough water to fill 5,604 Olympic swimming pools.

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Sustainable pet food Protein and fat ingredients obtained from rendering are used to manufacture pet foods. These rendered ingredients are not only sustainable, but also safe due to the enforcement of strict safety guidelines including the use of high heat in the rendering process to destroy bacteria and harmful pathogens. The resulting products are also handled, stored, and distributed under controlled conditions to minimize contamination. All rendering plants are required to be in compliance with FDA’s animal food regulations under Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA),, which ensures safe processing occurs. The rendering industry adds value to animal parts not normally used for human consumption (organs, bones, cartilage, and fat) by processing this material for pet food ingredients. Use of rendered products in pet food also significantly reduces the carbon footprint of the food we feed our dogs, cats, and other pets by repurposing byproducts that might otherwise be wasted (Meeker and Meisinger, 2015).

Supporting the Three Pillars of Sustainability Rendering also represents all three pillars of sustainability—Environ-

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mental, Economic, and Social. These three pillars are sometimes depicted visually as architectural pillars and other times as a three circle Venn diagram. The concept of sustainability has been discussed publicly as early as the 1980s and the three pillars have been presented as a “common view” of sustainable development in media since as early as 2001 (2019; Figure 2). Pillar 1: Environmental Rendering’s environmental support pillar is a strong one. More than 62 billion pounds of renderable materials are produced in the United States and Canada each year. By reclaiming otherwise discarded meat leftovers, renderers make our food production footprint smaller, save landfill space, and help minimize the environmental impacts of animal agriculture such as climate change, as rendering assists greatly in the reduction of food waste, reduced GHG and water consumption. Rendering reclaims and protects valuable water that would otherwise be wasted or contaminated. Pillar 2: Social By reclaiming and converting animal leftovers and UCO into new products, rendering helps customers to be more sustainable while providing thousands of full-time and stable

jobs supporting families and local communities from coast to coast in America and Canada, many in rural areas. Adding to the stability of work in the rendering industry, these positions cannot be exported due to the raw and perishable nature of the material the rendering industry reclaims. Renderers and plant owners also invest considerably in improvements and enhancements to sustainability efforts, in addition to supporting their local communities both financially and socially (NARA, 2020). Pillar 3: Economic There is some expected overlap in the Social and Economic pillars in reference to the rendering industry as the economic stability of the industry directly affects the stability of careers, therefore leading to rendering’s high job retention and financial ability to contribute to their communities. The rendering industry is sustainable and financially stable with an economic contribution of US $10 billion, annually. An average rendering plant provides nearly 100 stable jobs that offer competitive pay and benefits (NARA, 2020).

New data Renderers play an important role in reducing food waste, sustainably recycling valuable agricultural resources and positively contributing to local, state, national, and international economies. Quantification data were collected by the North American Renderers Association and published in 2020 (NARA, 2020). This research consisted of understanding the total supply of renderable products, estimates of total rendered products, conducting a three-part survey of rendering companies in the United States and Canada, and studying consumer and industry-driven market trends. Highlights from the research are outlined below: 99 More than 62 billion pounds of renderable raw materials are produced in the United States and OCT - NOV 2023

Canada each year from farms, feedlots, and slaughter facilities working with cattle, hogs, sheep, chickens, and turkey. These materials are highly perishable byproducts of meat and poultry produced for human consumption—offal, bones, blood, feathers, and animals that die on farms or in transit to slaughterhouses. 99 Approximately 15.7 million tons of rendered products are produced from beef, pork, turkey, and broiler processing plants annually. This is 57% protein meals, 40% fats, and 3% plasma meal. 99 Approximately, 289,037 tons of animal and poultry fats, and 501,413 tons of fresh and frozen meat and poultry byproducts and organ meats that come from a combination of direct slaughter and rendering plants are used by pet food manufacturers, and roughly 1,543,129 tons of rendered protein meal from byproducts of meat, poultry, and fish are included in pet food diets. 99 Survey respondents report they reclaimed and repurposed approximately 800,000 tons of UCO in the 1-year study period, which represents about half of all UCO. Repurposing a large amount of this material averts what would otherwise go to other less-sustainable destinations. Renderers are substantial employers who offer competitive benefits to their employees, including paid time off, contributions to 401(k) (and other retirement funds that help ensure their employees are taken care in retirement), paid health insurance premiums, disability insurance, and education assistance for job-related skills and certificates. In addition to upcycling materials that would otherwise end up in landfills, renderers are investing millions of dollars in environmental improvement efforts resulting in a total of US$ 165.5 million spent on all enviOCT - NOV 2023

ronmental improvement efforts over the last 5 years (2015 to 2019) and US$ 188 million planned to be spent on all environmental improvement efforts over the next 5 years (2020 to 2024).

Looking forward The rendering industry is dynamic and ever changing. New focus and initiatives continue to occur in the areas of environmental issues, governmental regulations, raw material, and market conditions. Looking ahead the rendering industry has these large-scale issues to keep in mind, as well as more focused key items to consider as it prepares for the future. The rendering industry and markets for rendered products should expand to match the predicted growth of meat production and services needed by a growing U.S. and Canadian population. Continued investments in research such as that by the Fats and Proteins Research Foundation (FPRF) are also needed to fund research that can enhance product safety, improve rendering efficiency, support use in animal nutrition, and find new uses and markets for these byproducts.

Conclusion The rendering business is profitable and sustainable. It is also essential to making a meat animal more sustainable than it would be if byproducts were not rendered and used for the highest possible purpose. By making numerous new products with the unused meat and byproducts derived from livestock, rendering and renderers provide local jobs, support their communities, and contribute to significantly reduced food waste, saved landfill space, reduced GHG emissions, production of nutritious and sustainable animal food, and clean water reclamation.

References and sources consulted by the author on the elaboration of this article are available under previous request to our editorial staff. This is a summarized version developed by the editorial team of Aquaculture Magazine based on the review article titled “HOW AGRICULTURAL RENDERING SUPPORTS SUSTAINABILITY AND ASSISTS LIVESTOCK’S ABILITY TO CONTRIBUTE MORE THAN JUST FOOD” developed by: ANNA D. WILKINSON AND DAVID L. MEEKER - North American Renderers Association (NARA), Alexandria, VA, USA. The original article was published, including tables and figures, on MARCH, 2021, through ANIMAL FRONTIERS. The full version can be accessed online through this link: 10.1093/af/vfab002.

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Evaluation of single cell protein on the growth performance, digestibility and immune gene expression of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei Replacing fish meal in the feeds using various conventional and non-conventional protein sources has been the core subject of several studies. In this context, growth and digestibility trials were undertaken to evaluate a single cell protein (SCP) produced from methane-oxidizing bacteria Methylococcus capsulatus (String Bio, Bengaluru, India) as a replacement for fishmeal in the diets of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei.

By: Aquaculture Magazine Editorial Team*

s the aquaculture sector continues to grow, there is an increasing demand for formulated feeds and protein. Feed based farmed fish and shrimp have been the largest consumers of capture fishery derived feedstuffs in the form of fishmeal (FM) and fish oil. Although the use of fishmeal in aquatic animal feeds has many benefits, its inclusion level is reducing due to fluctuations in global availability, price instabilities, quality criteria and also in response to sustainability issues. Replacing fish meal in the feeds using various conventional and nonconventional protein sources has been the core subject of several stud-

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ies. One such alternative is the Single Cell Proteins (SCP) which belong to a broad class of constituents that includes bacterial, yeast and microalgal derivative products. SCP has a high protein content with a very good essential amino acid (EAA) profile similar to that of fishmeal; with consistent availability and traceable production, and also holds a high sustainability index. Pacific white shrimp is the most important farmed crustacean species in the world and its production has increased rapidly especially in India over the recent years. This has led to a consistent increase in demand for the production of shrimp feeds relying less on FM as the primary protein

source using suitable and sustainable alternative protein sources. Here are presented the results from a study designed to evaluate the SCP on growth performance and digestibility trials of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, using diets containing graded levels of SCP.

Materials and methods Growth and digestibility trials were undertaken simultaneously to evaluate the single cell protein (SCP) as a replacement for fishmeal in the diets of Pacific white shrimp, P. vannamei and to determine the digestibility of the SCP. For the growth trial, five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain different OCT - NOV 2023

Whole-body chemical

composition and amino acid profile of shrimp did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) with the increasing levels of SCP.

levels of SCP: Control (Fishmeal, no SCP), SCP inclusion at 50 g/kg (S-5), 100 g/kg (S-10), 200 g/kg (S-20), 250 g/kg (S25). The feed formulation and their proximate composition are presented in Table 1.

Results Data on growth performances of shrimp fed the different diets over the 90 days growth trial are provided in Table 2. The growth curves of the different groups over the trial period are presented in Figure 1. The body weight significantly (p < 0.05) increased in shrimp fed diet with S-10 OCT - NOV 2023

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than in the control, but there was no significant (p > 0.05) increase when compared with shrimp fed diet S-20 even though the average final body weight of S-20 was numerically higher There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences in the protein, lipid and ash contents among the different groups of P. vannamei. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were observed in the whole-body amino acid profiles of shrimp fed diets containing graded levels of SCP. In terms of apparent digestibility, the SCP tested was found to be highly digestible with the digestibility coefficients of 0.91, 0.92, 0.60 and 0.70 for protein, lipid, calcium and phosphorus respectively. The digestible protein and lipid content of SCP were calculated to be 577.7 g/kg and 57.9 g/kg respectively. The relative gene expression of lysozyme, Toll-like receptor and immune deficiency (IMD) were all significantly (p < 0.05) up-regulated in shrimp fed diet S-20 as compared to shrimp fed the control diet or other SCP diets.

Discussion The results of the study show that it is possible to include up to 200 g/kg of SCP derived from Methylococcus capsulatus (replacing up to two thirds of fishmeal) in the diets of Pacific white shrimp still maintaining good survival, growth and feed efficiency. In fact, at the dietary SCP inclusion level of 200 g/kg, despite lower feed intakes, the mean weight gain and feed efficiency were better compared to those of shrimp fed the control diet. It is indeed promising to see that shrimp performed well at SCP inclusion level of 200 g/kg, better than those reported by Chen et al. (2021) in Pacific white shrimp where they found that another SCP can replace 45% of dietary FM (105 g SCP/kg diet). There was no significant difference observed in the survival of shrimp among the different treatment groups, but shrimp fed diets 40 »

with 50 and 100 g/kg of SCP exhibited higher survival than the control group. Hamidoghli et al. (2019) reported an increasing trend, albeit not significant, in the survival of shrimp on the addition of a SCP obtained from a bacteria (Corynebacterium ammoniagenes), and stated that the increase might be due to the increase of non-

specific immune responses by the dietary inclusion of SCP. The increased phosphorus gain and retention in shrimp fed diets with SCP can be attributed to the higher digestibility of phosphorus in the SCP and as the phosphorus content in SCP is attributed to the levels of nucleic acids and phospholipids OCT - NOV 2023

The plausible reason for the high digestibility in the study might be attributed to the method of the downstream process carried out in the preparation of this Single Cell Proteins SCP. (Øverland et al., 2010), while phosphorus in fishmeal would be mostly in the form of a complex with calcium (calcium hydroxyapatite complex, Rajesh et al., 2022). Whole-body chemical composition and amino acid profile of shrimp did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) with the increasing levels of SCP. This is in conformity with the general observations of a relatively constant protein-bound amino acid composition of shrimp irrespective of dietary OCT - NOV 2023

treatments (Penaflorida, 1989; Alam et al., 2002; Xie et al., 2018). The digestibility values obtained in the present study were higher than those of earlier reports with other SCPs measured in finfish (Øverland et al., 2010; Tlusty et al., 2017) and in Pacific white shrimp (Hamidoghli et al., 2019). The cell rupture by downstream processing of the bacterial protein used here might be an important aspect to look into while increasing the digestibility of these protein sources. The plausible reason for the high digestibility in the study might be attributed to the method of the downstream process carried out in the preparation of this SCP.

Conclusion Given the good nutrient digestibility of the SCP, good feed intake, excellent growth, feed efficiency and good survival of shrimp observed over 90

days of the study under semi-practical farming conditions clearly suggest that the single cell protein, derived from methane utilizing bacteria, holds much promise as a sustainable and reliable alternative protein source to replace a significant proportion of fishmeal in the diets of Pacific white shrimp. The responses in terms of biomarkers of the immune system of shrimp are of great interest warranting further dedicated studies.

This is a summarized version developed by the editorial team of Aquaculture Magazine based on the review article titled “ EVALUATION OF SINGLE CELL PROTEIN ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE, DIGESTIBILITY AND IMMUNE GENE EXPRESSION OF PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP, PENAEUS VANNAMEI” developed by: FELIX, N. and MANIKANDAN, K. – Directorate of Incubation and Vocational training in Aquaculture (DIVA), UMA, A. - State Referral Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Health (SRLAAH) and KAUSHIK, S. - Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The original article was published, including tables and figures, on DECEMBER, 2022, through ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. The full version can be accessed online through this link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. anifeedsci.2022.115549.

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METABOLOMICS APPROACH TO ELUCIDATE THE IMPORTANCE OF COUNT SIZE IN COMMERCIAL PENAEID SHRIMPS: WHITE LEG SHRIMP (LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI) AND BLACK TIGER SHRIMP (PENAEUS MONODON) The importance of the size of white leg shrimp has been previously reported, where a strong correlation was found between size and metabolome data. Here we present a metabolomics approach to elucidate the importance of count size in commercial penaeid shrimps: white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). By: Aquaculture Magazine Editorial Team*

he advancement of technology in aquaculture industries has increased the sense of urgency to re-evaluate the quality parameters of commercial shrimp products. Several studies have emphasized the improvement in production at the upstream level (shrimp cultivation), including the optimization of environmental water quality parameters and shrimp disease management. However, publications focusing on the downstream level are still lacking, particularly in the effort to connect the quality of commercial shrimp to its economic aspect. 42 »

Currently, shrimp body weight is utilized as a grading unit, which is known to affect prices in the market. Count size, a unit that is commonly used to sell headless shell-on (HLSO), indicates the edible portion of shrimp. To obtain shrimps in large commercial sizes, shrimp farmers often have to perform partial harvesting or to prolong the period of culture. These practices pose them to a higher risk of loss. For this reason, the count size grading unit not only implies the needed operational cost, but also reflects the quality of the management of the farming and aquaculture sys-

tems. From a consumer perspective, a large size is perceived as highly palatable and attractive. In addition, large size has been associated with product value, creating a so-called value-based pricing system while the quality remains questionable. Therefore, there is a need to justify whether size reflects the quality of shrimp. The importance of the size of white leg shrimp has been previously reported, where a strong correlation was found between size and metabolome data. In this study, the researchers aimed to improve the predictive OCT - NOV 2023

power of the orthogonal projection to latent structure (OPLS) model by expanding the metabolite coverage using liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis.

Materials and methods Two different species of farmed shrimp were analyzed: white leg shrimp and black tiger shrimp. All samples were collected as head-less shell-on (HLSO) shrimp. The range of shrimp count size was determined according to the availability of samples on the day of purchase. The sample extraction step for GC/MS analysis was change to improve the removal of protein and prevent saturated peak as the potential damage to the machine in the long term. The optimized extraction method was carried out in a stepwise manner using 80% ethanol. All samOCT - NOV 2023

ples were analyzed in triplicate (n ¼ 3). GC/MS analysis and LC/MS/MS analysis were performed.

Results and Discussion Metabolite profile of white leg shrimp retrieved from the same pond In total, 118 metabolites were putatively annotated from both instruments, of which 39 and 59 metabolites were unique to GC/MS and LC/ MS ion pairs, respectively. The first two principal components, which accounted for 47.3% of the variance, were able single out the smaller shrimps (count size 41/50) from the other larger samples (count size 31/40-21/25). This result confirmed the reproducibility of the metabolite trend reported in the previous study. From the loading plot count sizes of 31/40 and 26/30 resulted in a higher level of phosphate and phosphate-related compounds, such as nucleotides

The count size grading unit

not only implies the needed operational cost, but also reflects the quality of the management of the farming and aquaculture systems. and sugar phosphates. Previous GC/ MS-based analysis were only able to detect phosphate in large white leg shrimp. Therefore, this result suggests that the phosphate-related metabolites such as nucleotides, nucleosides, and sugar phosphate derived from LC/MS corresponded with the phosphate detected by GC/MS. This result shows that a reproducible metabolite trend can be achieved even in a larger data set. Following this, OPLS analysis was performed after excluding samples with an overlapped-body weight. » 43

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Validation of the size-based prediction OPLS regression model We aimed to further validate the robustness of the prediction model using the expanded metabolites. In this current model (Figure 1), the model was built from all Indonesian shrimp samples. The estimated parameters

were then used to predict the sample purchased from commercial market. The constructed OPLS model complied with the parameters, and therefore, a robust size-based prediction model was obtained. This result marked the accomplishment of the first objective, in which the robust-

ness of the model improved through the expansion of metabolite coverage. Although a further study is required, we hypothesize that the accumulation of AMP and IMP along with the increase in size might be indicative of reduced purine catabolism, as a strategy to preserve adenine nucleotide pools that might be linked to the recovery of high-energy phosphate. The positive and negative predictors metabolites were able to characterize the shrimp based on the size. Therefore, VIP metabolites that exhibit specific accumulation patterns over the size of shrimp can be defined as size-dependent metabolites as they show a constant trend despite variations in sampling locations, origin, and shrimp processing. Validation of the OPLS model using black tiger shrimp The second validation was performed to assess the robustness of the constructed model in a non-species-specific manner. As we aimed to provide a universal metabolite marker of shrimp size, the resulting model could be a promising tool to further justify the overall quality of commercial shrimp with regard to market price. The second most economic important shrimp species in the aquaculture industry, black tiger shrimp, was used in a second validation set. Although the effect of species was plausible, both of the large shrimp species exhibited similar metabolite profiles with higher accumulation of phosphate-related compounds, which has been reported for white leg shrimp. Using this information as a basis, black tiger shrimp was further subjected to a validation set with the white leg shrimp dataset assigned as a training set. OPLS model of commercial tropical penaeid shrimps A size-based prediction model for commercial shrimp and its evaluation parameters are summarized in Figure 2. Good linearity was observed in the model as the R2Y and Q2 scores

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The importance of size in

relation to the metabolome profile was identified to be species specific. However, other factors might explain the metabolome changes in black tiger shrimp. were higher than 0.8. However, the RMSEE and RMSEP scores were 1.835 and 7.216, respectively, suggesting that the difference between the observed and predicted values was larger than 10%. A high RMSEP score indicated that the training set built from white leg shrimp metabolome data failed to predict commercial black tiger shrimps (count size 31/40-13/15), as they were all predicted as a single value (Figure 2b). A robust sized-based OPLS model of white leg shrimp, which was validated using a set of commercial white leg shrimp purchased from the market, was successfully constructed (Figure 1). The expansion of metabolite coverage using the LC/MS ion pair enabled us to carry out a more OCT - NOV 2023

comprehensive discussion that could not be achieved using GC/MS data. However, the second validation of the OPLS model performed using commercial black tiger shrimp failed to predict the size of shrimp (Figure 2). The importance of size in relation to the metabolome profile was identified to be species specific. However, other factors might explain the metabolome changes in black tiger shrimp.

Conclusion It is suggested that a count size of 31/40 is most suitable for commercial farms based on visual palatability, time, and production cost. Consistently, a count size of 31/40 was reported to be highly produced by exporting countries. According to the metabolic profile, most of the tasteactive metabolites were retained in medium-sized shrimp with a higher accumulation of IMP and AMP, as umami-contributing metabolites might reflect higher acceptability. This study is a part of a bigger research framework that pursues the development of novel parameters to evaluate shrimp quality. One strategy is to investigate the metabolite markers of various commercial shrimp

sizes that come at different prices. Through a strong correlation between shrimp size and metabolome data, we can expect the accumulation of size-dependent metabolites within a specified commercial size range. These size-dependent metabolites not only serve as a potential marker to assess the quality of shrimp, but also help the shrimp farmers to improve the cultivation strategy in producing commercial-sized shrimps.

This is a summarized version developed by the editorial team of Aquaculture Magazine based on the review article titled “METABOLOMICS APPROACH TO ELUCIDATE THE IMPORTANCE OF COUNT SIZE IN COMMERCIAL PENAEID SHRIMPS: WHITE LEG SHRIMP (LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI) AND BLACK TIGER SHRIMP (PENAEUS MONODON)” developed by: ERLANGGA PUTRI, S. - Osaka University; SUANTIKA, G. and LENNY SITUMORANG, M. - Institut Teknologi Bandung; PRAMA PUTRI, S. - Osaka University; FUKUSAKI, E. - Osaka University and Institut Teknologi Bandung. The original article was published, including tables and figures, on MARCH, 2022, through JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCE AND BIOENGINEERING. The full version can be accessed online through this link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbiosc.2022.01.010.

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What is missing to consolidate mariculture? (Part 2) By: Antonio Garza de Yta, Ph.D.*

n the last edition, we discussed the three key issues for the development of open water aquaculture: technology, investment and operating costs, as well as the market. Today, we will discuss some factors to consider and/or strategies 46 »

In the last edition, we discussed the three key issues for the development of open water aquaculture: technology, investment and operating costs, as well as the market. Today, we will discuss some factors to consider and/or strategies we can adopt to boost mariculture globally.

we can adopt to boost mariculture globally. There is a need to work hard on governance issues that concern all aquaculture, especially mariculture. In all countries, institutions need to be strengthened and work needs to

be done at the government, industry and market levels. The consolidation of mariculture will be further delayed until the necessary legal frameworks are in place, and the backbone of aquaculture, which is made up of strong programs in research, capacOCT - NOV 2023

It is crucial that not only best management practices that avoid environmental degradation are promoted and disseminated.

ity building and aquaculture health, as well as a wide supply of hatcheries and feed, supported by technology and business incubators, is in place. The interrelationship between mariculture and clean energy is increasingly evident. Travel between farming and processing areas generates a considerable environmental footprint, which can be reduced through the use of barges that do OCT - NOV 2023

not require fossil fuels to perform all farm operations and feed the crops or the installation of recirculation systems close to markets that do not rely on fossil fuels either. The use of automatic feeders, which deserves a separate analysis, is a key point in reducing the environmental footprint of aquaculture. It is imperative to focus on solving these problems as soon as possible. One issue that worries many, including myself, is that practically all species produced in mariculture, at a commercial level, are at the top of the food pyramid. This means that, by their nature, the feed requires a high protein content, which often comes from fishmeal. Finding the “tilapia” of mariculture is a challenge, but one that must be met day by day until it is overcome. Research into a line of macroalgae that is a good source of quality, highly digestible protein is another hurdle to overcome. There are many concerns, most of them unjustified, about open-water aquaculture production, such as heavy metals, microplastics and environmental degradation. It is crucial to not only promote and disseminate best management practices that avoid environmental degradation but also to promote mariculture production as a safe product that minimizes risk to the consumer. Consumer perception is probably the issue on which we should focus the most, even before the significantly important development of markets for the various species that come from this type of farming. Assessments of aquaculture projects must be based on solid due diligence, which not only includes financial and legal aspects but also a thorough techno-commercial analysis

Consumer perception is probably the issue on which we need to focus the most.

that filters out the many fantasy projects that have caused so much damage to the perception of investors. It is worth dreaming but not at the expense of other people’s capital. We must also look for new schemes that do not depend on million-dollar investments from a single source. Small and medium-scale fundraising can be a great tool, as long as we generate enough success stories to support it. Finally, I know I sound like a broken record, but political will is crucial. Mariculture, like all aquaculture, must be a priority at national, regional and global levels. Without this, no matter how hard we fight, there will be no future.

Senior Fisheries and Aquaculture Advisor for AWJ Innovation, Vice President of the International Center for Strategic Studies in Aquaculture (CIDEEA), President of Aquaculture Without Frontiers (AwF), Past President of the World Aquaculture Society (WAS), Former Secretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture of Tamaulipas, Mexico, and Creator of the Certification for Aquaculture Professionals (CAP) Program with Auburn University.

» 47

DIGITAL AND SOCIAL MARKETING BYTES

Using social media in crisis management What would you consider as a crisis for your business? Mislabeled product? A product recall? An employee injury? Death of an employee or customer? A claim regarding health or nutrition lacking scientific backing? A crisis can take many forms. When it comes to crisis management, social media has altered the context and tactics used when responding to and managing a crisis, but the core principles remain the same.

By: Sarah Cornelisse*

hat would you consider as a crisis for your business? Mislabeled product? A product recall? An employee injury? Death of an employee or customer? A claim regarding health or nutrition lacking

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scientific backing? A crisis can take many forms. Dictionary.com defines a crisis as “a stage in a sequence of events at which the trend of all future events, especially for better or for worse, is determined.” It’s important to note that the definition does

not identify the type of events; it simply that events are occurring and that there is a point that defines the course of future events. And while it may be clear that some events are crises, others may not so clearly fit the category. OCT - NOV 2023

Social media has

progressed into a regularly used source for news by its users.

Types of crises in the agriculture and food industries can include contamination, recalls, and negative publicity. Crises may occur with more frequency than you might expect. For example, there were more than 2,400 seafood recalls registered by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) across 20 years (October 2002 through March 2022) (Blickem et al., 2023). This averages to 120 per year – for seafood alone. When you consider the other types of crises that may have occurred within the seafood industry during those 20 years and add the number of crises in all other ag and food industries, the magnitude is staggering. By now, most of us are familiar with social media. Platforms such as Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), Reddit, TikTok, and YouTube are all examples. Social media is a communication channel, but with the notable differentiating feature of 2-way communication when compared with traditional media such as newspapers, radio or television. Due to the nature of communication on social media as well as the much shorter lifecycle of news and information, users have different expectations regarding openOCT - NOV 2023

ness and transparency for those with whom they interact, whether individuals or businesses. Social media has progressed into a regularly used source for news among its users. In 2022, 50% of U.S. adults reported sometimes or often getting their news from social media (Liedke and Matsa, 2022). This highlights the potential importance and value of social media for crisis management. When it comes to crisis management, social media has altered the context and tactics used when responding to and managing a crisis, but the core principles remain the same. These include: 99 Identify a team. Know who needs to, or should be, involved. While some team members may be apparent (e.g. spokesperson, business owner/CEO, etc.), other team members may be less apparent and include individuals with responsibilities in areas such as product distribution or finance. 99 Have a plan. Don’t wait until a crisis occurs to figure out how to address it. Assign roles to team members and make sure each understands their responsibilities.

99 Practice your response. Simulating a range of crisis types can provide team’s valuable experience, better preparing them for responding to a true crisis. Crisis drills provide a non-stressful environment for preparation and identifying aspects of the plan that need strengthening. When considering the role of social media in crisis management, there are benefits including: 99 Real-time communication and information dissemination. Social media allows businesses the ability to communicate with the public and stakeholders in realtime; no need to wait for the next publication of a newspaper or news telecast. 99 Monitoring and tracking emerging issues. The crisis management team can use social media to monitor online conversations and media coverage of the situation. This can aid in identifying important aspects that need to be addressed and help provide a sense of public and stakeholder sentiment. 99 Engaging with stakeholders and the public. The two-way mode of communication allows businesses to directly engage with stakeholders on the social media platform(s), answering questions, addressing concerns, or providing specific information. » 49

DIGITAL AND SOCIAL MARKETING BYTES

99 Convey transparency and build trust. Appropriate use of social media and engagement through the platform can convey to stakeholders and the public that a business is being transparent in their efforts to share information and address the crisis, thus building and/or reinforcing trust between the public and the business. An analysis of existing research on crisis communication determined that “using social media significantly lessened consumers’ perceived crisis responsibility” (Xu, 2020). That is, consumers’ views of the business’s responsibility for the crisis went down when businesses used social media. A publication from Deloitte (Overlander, 2023) outlines five principles for thinking about social media in a crisis:

50 »

1. Social media isn’t always the right way to communicate in a crisis. Crisis communications should be tailored to the specific incident and sometimes that may rule social media out as an appropriate tool. 2. Great social media engagement in ‘peace time’ can be your downfall in a crisis. Social media is often left to marketers, but in the midst of a crisis, the marketing individual or team may not be the appropriate lead for social media communications. Crisis planning should include a discussion about when social media responsibilities should be moved to someone in a different role. Consider also whether a process for approving social media crisis communications should be implemented.

This highlights the potential importance and

value of social media for crisis management.

3. Inform, don’t engage. During and following a crisis, businesses will want to share relevant information with their audience and social media is a highly effective avenue. However, experienced social media users are also aware that the platforms don’t often lend themselves to nuanced debate. Details can easily be overlooked or left out. In a crisis, therefore, it is important to discern when a conversation should be taken offline. 4. Listen hard; ignore much. What does this mean? As outlined previously, social media is an excellent tool for monitoring online conversations, allowing businesses to assess sentiment and determine if there are issues that need to be addressed. However, there is also a lot of ‘noise’ on social media, requiring the individual or team monitoring these conversations to be able to effectively sift through what is important and what is not. 5. Protect your CEO. Get them on social media. This may seem counter intuitive given the principle of not engaging. In a crisis, however, particularly serious crises, the media will attempt to frame the situation and the business may fall victim to inaccurate reporting. Personal social media use during this time by business leader(s) may be a way to counteract any inaccuracies while also displaying the human side of the business. OCT - NOV 2023

A vital point when considering the use of social

media in crisis management is that someone on the team must be comfortable and experienced with the social media platform(s) used. A vital point when considering the use of social media in crisis management is that someone on the team must be comfortable and experienced with the social media platform(s) OCT - NOV 2023

used. A crisis is not the time to try to learn a new platform, as differences exist between platforms when it comes to user demographics, style of use, and expectations. The role of social media in crisis management continues to evolve as platforms and the public’s use of social media evolve. Businesses should regularly assess their planned use of social media as part of their crisis response plan. That said, food industry businesses should embrace social media as a vital tool for mitigating and managing crises.

*Sarah Cornelisse is a Senior Extension Associate of agricultural entrepreneurship and business management at Penn State University in the Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology and Education. Sarah has expertise in direct marketing, value-added dairy entrepreneurship and marketing, the use of digital and social media for agricultural farm and food business marketing, and business and marketing planning and decision making. Originally from New York State, she has a B.A in mathematics from the State University of New York at Geneseo, and M.S. degrees in Agricultural Economics and Animal Science, both from Penn State University. Correspondence email: sar243@psu.edu Editor’s note: references cited by the author within the text are available under previous request to our editorial team.

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THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY

Can improved genetics save the shrimp farming industry from itself? Genetics can influence how animals respond to various stressors and which ones are likely to negatively impact those factors that farmers depend upon for sustainability and profitability. By: Ph.D. Stephen G. Newman*

he global shrimp farming community has seen significant growth over the last three decades, with more than 5 million MTs being produced annually in 2022-2023. Currently, Ecuadorian shrimp farms are

52 »

producing around 25% of this total and are doing so at a lower cost than any other countries seem to be able to. Their production model is based on stocking large earthen ponds (average around 10 ha) at low densities, typically around 20 pieces per m2

and three-month cycles to harvest 20 grams plus shrimp. This contrasts with much of SE Asia where the norm is small, lined ponds, less than 1 ha, stocking at high densities ranging from 50 to 500 or more animals per m2 and 3-6 months of culOCT - NOV 2023

ture (species dependent), with higher costs and density associated risks. A number of factors have contributed to this global increase in spite of the never-ending impact of disease on all sectors. The total number of hectares being farmed has increased in some areas. The move towards high density culture, largely in SE Asia, using lined ponds, disinfection, bacterial amendments, aeration, bird nets and crab fences and static systems that are biofloc based has contributed to this increase, although currently this is resulting in what appears to be an overall reduction in market competitiveness due to high costs. Ecuador has embraced low density production with the use of aerators, automatic feeders to reduce FCRs and control feed waste, and targeted bacterial tools for bioremediation. There have also been improvements in the composition of feeds and feed companies are realizing that the traditional sizing of pellets based on fish is wasteful and environmentally harmful. Pellet sizes are smaller and geared toward less waste. Genetic improvement programs have become widespread focused on domesticating the most commonly farmed species, Penaeus or Litopenaeus vannamei and others, including P. monodon and the freshwater M. rosenbergii. Significant progress has been made, with the Thai company Charoen Pokphand (CP) taking the early lead with L. vannamei. They have developed fast growing resilient pathogen free animals. The broodstock come from nucleus breeding centers and have been indoors in perpetual quarantine for many generations, where the selection process has generated lines that grow much quicker than many other stocks available, along with varying levels of disease and stress tolerance. Many companies are working on closing the gap. CP animals are free of pathogens from the onset. They have been screened for all known pathogens and any new ones that crop up for which OCT - NOV 2023

DNA sequences are available that allow PCR to be developed. The populations are examined closely by qualified histopathologists for any indications of pathognomonic pathology and the histories of their performances are followed. Under the right conditions, they thrive, and their genetic potential is realized. Fast growth to large sizes lessens exposure of the animals to potential threats that can be inherent in production systems, particularly stressors that cannot be controlled, common in outdoor systems. However, when these animals are held under less than favorable conditions, subjected to stressors, have poor diets, etc. they are weakened and can be impacted by a variety of obligate pathogens and any number of opportunistic pathogens. If these genetically improved shrimp die under these conditions, then it is hardly logical to expect that others will not as well. Stress in farmed shrimp is a potential killer. Stress can be defined in terms of the impact that it has on animals. By altering the normal physiologic status of the animals, their homeostatic mechanisms are disturbed. Animals can fail to achieve their genetic potential and become susceptible to problems that non-stressed animals would be able to deal with. Three types of stress are recognized: acute stress, chronic stress, and periodic acute stress. Acute stress is a short-term reaction. Chronic stress is prolonged stress that persists. Periodic acute stress is short term but reoccurring. Genetics can influence how animals respond to various stressors

Can we expect that in years to come these

tools will generate lines of animals that are better suited for the current production paradigms? and which ones are likely to negatively impact those factors that farmers depend upon for sustainability and profitability. In general, chronic and periodic acute stress are the most problematic, although far too many farmers fail to realize that even the short-term nature of acute stress can impact animals ability to weather other stressors and increase their susceptibility to potential pathogens. Stress is inherent in shrimp and fish farming. The sources can be highly variable. In general, the type of production paradigm can impact the overall stress levels, with low density culture paradigms in large bodies of water with the ability to exchange large amounts of water from pristine sources being typically the least stressful. Medium density in smaller ponds with inadequate water exchange and no or inadequate oxygen supplementation aeration, combined with overfeeding is more stressful. High density culture paradigms typically can be a high stress environment. Note that these are generalizations and there are many exceptions.

» 53

THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY

Genetics can influence

how animals respond to various stressors.

Many of these can act in concert and there is variability as to what levels are stressful that depends on a myriad of variables, including genetics. Defining what levels of stressors are “normal” and acceptable is not always straightforward. Lab studies used to establish thresholds usually produce results that fail to replicate the real world. A level of stressor that is problematic under one set of environmental conditions might not be under another. A given stressor might be relatively benign by itself but pose a far greater threat when it is a component of multiple stressors. Commonly, the published limits of tolerance for many of these factors, usually based on controlled lab studies, are levels that are stressful. Determining lethal dosages that kill 50 % of a population establishes LD50s but does not establish the levels at which there is no impact. Healthy animals are usually much more refractory, but in animals that are carrying a pathogen such as the etiologic agent responsible for White Spot Disease (WSSV) or any other number of pathogens, even small amounts of stress can pose a serious problem. There are many published observations as to what levels of specific water chemistry parameters are problematic. Most of these studies are laboratory based and do not reflect the complexity of the pond environment. This is further complicated by the fact that there are differences between species, age susceptibility and stock history. 54 »

The tools for the improvement of genetics have evolved rapidly over the last few decades and many tools are in common usage that allow for accelerated genetic improvement compared with the older traditional selection approaches such as selecting survivors of disease outbreaks, larger animals, faster growing animals, etc. Adding genes to an animal is considered a genetic modification and is not likely to be readily acceptable for the production of farmed shrimp, although for farmed salmon, Aquabounty Technologies has pierced this barrier with the introduction of genes that impact the growth rate of farmed Atlantic salmon and the commercialization of these faster growing fish. This has been a many decades process and still runs the risk of adverse public reaction to the concept of GMO (even though for some widely consumed plants this is the norm). Entire genetic sequences can be sequenced relatively quickly and through the use of SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) chips, a large number of genes can be screened to determine what genes may be responsible for certain traits, such as increased stress tolerance. CRISP R (a bacterial antiviral defense mechanism) can modify individual genes to enhance or reduce functionality. Together, these tools offer a great deal of promise to generate strains that are tolerant or even resistant to pathogens (defined here as not being able to be infected by any dose under any conditions of culture) and that are less impacted by stressors. There is however complex legal and ethical issues that need to be resolved which are beyond the scope of this article to discuss. As a professional with more than 45 years of experience in aquatic animal health issues, I advocate proactive management of animal health as contrasted with reactive management. Prevention is often easier than trying to stop a problem in animals that cannot be seen. Antibiotics, while highly effective when used correctly, are

widely abused in aquaculture despite strong pressures not to do so. Ignorance is common and desperate farmers will do anything they can to save a crop that they cannot afford to lose. Unfortunately, there are many all too willing to take advantage of this. Can we expect that in the years to come, these tools will generate lines of animals that are better suited for the current production paradigms? Evidence to date strongly suggests that for consistent high survivals rates with animals realizing their genetic growth potential, at least three conditions must be met. The PLs must be free of all known obligate pathogens from the onset. This includes those that OIE (renamed WOAH -the world organization for animal health) dictates are of importance and any number of more recently discovered or historically imported pathogens that are not included in their must screen for list. This pathogen free status must be established via repeat screening, quarantine (one way-animals only out), histopathology and histories. Note that this is for obligate pathogens for the most part. Producing animals that are free of opportunistic bacteria is not the idea. Secondly, they must have diets that contain the micro and macro nutrients that are needed to nourish animals that are growing rapidly (some lines can grow 4 to 7 grams a week). Thirdly, stressors that weaken the animals must be kept to a minimum. Nutrition can impact this to some extent, but in general, the nature of the production environment plays a critical role. Genetic programs can produce animals with a wide variety of traits that increase the chances of fast growing, disease tolerant and even disease resistant stocks that can also tolerate stresses to some degree. However, shrimp farming is not there yet, and farmers need to understand that they must proactively manage their production systems to maximize the ability of current OCT - NOV 2023

stocks to achieve their potential. It is not likely that genetic programs will produce an animal that can be abused, fed a poor diet, be exposed to many obligate and opportunistic pathogens, and yet remain refractory to these and to the impact of any number of stressors. This being said, shrimp have been around in their current form for tens of millions of years. This makes them very successful evolutionary system and there is always the possibility that there is enough genetic variability within them that there could be some strains that are much better suited to the rigors of current shrimp farming paradigms. Nonetheless in the near OCT - NOV 2023

future, shrimp farmers must evolve, to be able to benefit maximally from the diverse genetic programs and approaches to production. They should not count on genetics to solve those problems that are inherent in the manner in which they are farming or any magic bullets that are being sold as solutions. The marketplace is dynamic and the supply and demand market forces that ensure that lowcost producers will continue to gain market share should force greater efficiency and lower costs of production if the industry is to continue to see increases in production to meet increased demand.

Stephen G. Newman has a bachelor’s degree from the University of Maryland in Conservation and Resource Management (ecology) and a Ph.D. from the University of Miami, in Marine Microbiology. He has over 40 years of experience working within a range of topics and approaches on aquaculture such as water quality, animal health, biosecurity with special focus on shrimp and salmonids. He founded Aquaintech in 1996 and continues to be CEO of this company to the present day. It is heavily focused on providing consulting services around the world on microbial technologies and biosecurity issues. sgnewm@aqua-in-tech.com www.aqua-in-tech.com www.bioremediationaquaculture.com www.sustainablegreenaquaculture.com

» 55

THE FISHMONGER

DATA, AI & SEAFOOD RETAIL

By: The Fishmonger

he Fishmonger was invited to a seminar recently by CI&T, an information technology and software development company which started in Brazil in 1995 and has now spread its wings to the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Portugal, China, Colombia, Japan, and Australia.

56 »

The Fishmonger was invited to a seminar recently by CI&T, an information technology and software development company with expertise in the automotive, hi-tech, financial, insurance, manufacturing, media, retail, life sciences and healthcare industries. It was a learning experience that is important to share with you all and just like all industries, there is a “language” to understand!

The company has expertise within the automotive, hi-tech, financial, insurance, manufacturing, media, retail, life sciences and healthcare industries. It was a learning experience that is important to share with you all and just like all industries, there is a “language” to understand! Most small operators are in survival mode and will find reasons why

they have taken their eyes off looking too far into the future but the larger organizations/supermarkets chains, etc. have the staff and time to not only investigate the future but also investing to increase their market share. In the six months since ChatGPT (AI model that uses deep learning to generate human-like text based on prompts) launched, the world has OCT - NOV 2023

The sad point is that smaller companies are unlikely to be saving and storing their data.

woken up to the vast potential of AI. The unparalleled pace of AI discoveries, model improvements and new products on the market puts data and AI strategy at the top of conversations across every organization around the world. There is a strong belief that AI will usher in the next generation of product and software innovation, and you are already seeing this play out in many industries. The strong word is that the next generation of winning companies and executives will be those who understand and leverage AI. In a report that was tabled at the seminar, they examined patterns and trends in data and AI adoption across more than 9,000 global actors. By unifying business intelligence (BI) and AI applications across companies’ entire data estates, organizations like CI&T can provide a unique vantage point into the state of data and AI, including which products and technologies are the fastest growing, the types of data science and machine learning (DS/ML) applications being developed and more. Across all industries, companies leverage data science and machine learning (DS/ML) to accelerate growth, improve predictability and enhance customer experiences. Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) are propelling companies to rethink AI within their own data strategies. What crossed the Fishmongers minds was ‘how will small fish retailers compete?’ For those that think business will remain the same for ever and ever OCT - NOV 2023

perhaps this article is not for you – look away now! As Brad Ryan, the Analytics and Machine Learning Partner Development Lead at Amazon Web Services, highlighted during his presentation “Your Data is Your Differentiator”. The sad point is that smaller companies are unlikely to be saving and storing their data, not appreciating its value, so let us hope this will be a “light bulb” moment. According to Brad “Innovation can transform industries and generative AI is the key” highlighting that McKinsey has forecast that AI can add 2.6-4.4 trillion to the global economy. The key is data, and labelling data is essential. “Machine learning has been around 70/80 years with simple inputs and simple outputs and we then moved into the Deep Learning stage (complex inputs - simple outputs) and this has now turned into Foundation Models (complex inputs - complex outputs). Whether it is enhancing Customer experiences; boosting employee productivity & creativity or optimizing business processes the opportunities abound. The industries which are currently engaging are healthcare & life sciences; industrial & manufacturing; financial services and retail,” said Brad Ryan. We also learned that there is not going to be one model and that there is always going to be new better models coming onto the market, so newcomers should choose smaller/ cheaper models, understanding that

they will be superseded as the market expands. Anyone that watches Fox sports will get an understanding of how the data is used in real-time statistics for commentators and, the advantage is that as you join the program, it gives you a short catch up. This is not the commentators having an enormous depth of knowledge, but the AI working with the data. When it comes to retail, we heard from Rosanna Iacono, CEO and Founder of The Growth Activists and The Future Laboratory who gave some fascinating insights into actions already taking place. “People worldwide, especially since COVID-19 lockdowns, are adapting to rising prices, reassessing their consumption habits, and seeking more cost-effective options. In this context, the Inflation Cookbook, a Canadian initiative, emerges as a valuable resource, empowering consumers to save money through data-driven, budget-friendly meal planning.” The Yellow Sticker Cookbook, a British app that helps shoppers find recipes for foods they have found marked down in their local supermarket. Now, a food delivery service has launched Canada’s first Inflation Cookbook which takes that to a different level as it uses AI to track grocery prices and serve up cost-conscious recipes. SkipTheDishes is an online food delivery and pickup app, part of Just Eat Takeaway.com, a leading global » 57

THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY

The strong word is that the next generation of winning companies and executives will be those who understand and leverage AI.

online food delivery marketplace. The app connects millions of customers with over 30,000 restaurant partners in Canada. They saw a challenge in that food insecurity is reaching record high rates across Canada. Many people have slowed down their visits to restaurants and home delivery of fast food and fuelled by rising food prices, food bank use rose to its highest level in 2022 according to Food Banks Canada. Typically, when times get tough, Canadians tend to reach for lower priced packaged foods, ones that are likely to be more processed and less healthy. Because of this, a major challenge facing Canadians (or anyone) today is how to afford healthy food when it feels increasingly out of reach. SkipTheDishes worked with Dentsu Creative Canada with the aim to help people source affordable, nutritious food and maximize their grocery budgets. They came up with this solution, an inflation fighting tool, you might say, and it is called the Inflation Cookbook which is a grocery shopping tool that predicts the biggest price drops of the week and generates chef-inspired, and nutritionist vetted recipes based on those ingredients – turning real-time price volatility into healthy and delicious real-time savings. 58 »

Tracking prices of 400+ ingredients across major retailers in 80 locations, Inflation Cookbook’s adaptable platform is designed for seamless expansion. Its data-driven nature means it can easily accommodate inputs from different regions and markets beyond Canada, making it a versatile solution for budget-conscious consumers globally. On the platform, users first select their province, household size and weekly grocery budget. Then, based on real-time price data, the cookbook app highlights ten items with significant price reductions, say a 20% drop for cheddar cheese or 13% for russet potatoes, as an example. Next, the Inflation Cookbook displays seven recipes that incorporate those ingredients to make meal planning accessible and convenient. The recipes are generated with the help of AI and curated by human chefs and nutritionists. Powered by real-time pricing data, to help Canadians eat healthy for less, the Inflation Cookbook reflects the values of food delivery app SkipExpressLane by championing healthy, well-priced fresh groceries while also promoting their partnership with Food Banks Canada. You can see more at www.inflationcookbook.com.

The results have been quite staggering: 99 28,600 weekly users. 99 US$ 21.8 M in total savings for Canadian families projected by December 2023. 99 400 million media impressions. 99 355+ pieces of press coverage. You can see how this will drive more business for large supermarket chains but, equally, you can see how this will impact smaller retailers who are not engaged in the platform. Rosanna said “As we move through 2023 and beyond, customer expectations around value will continue to evolve, with long-lasting implications for businesses. To stay relevant and foster loyalty, brands should consider integrating ‘savings by design’ into their overall strategies.” The Fishmonger has decided, subject to good health, that this might be a good time to get back on the continual lifelong learning journey and, as such, has enrolled to do an MBA. The world is constantly changing and if you are not considering how to keep up then it might just pass you by and it’s better to be ‘dying to live’ than ‘living to die’!

References and sources consulted by the author on the elaboration of this article are available under previous request to our editorial staff.

OCT - NOV 2023

ARTICLE

The Center for Aquaculture Technologies Canada and Prelude partner to set new benchmark in aquaculture sector [The Center for Aquaculture Technologies (CATC), a leader in aquaculture clinical research, is proud to announce a significant step forward in its mission to deliver exceptional value and drive industry By: The Center for Aquaculture Technologies Canada*

his collaboration integrates Prelude’s state-of-the-art software solutions into the CATC’s service offerings, underscoring a shared dedication to pioneering developments in the field of aquaculture. CATC has a strong reputation for its exceptional clinical research and laboratory services in the Aquaculture Industry, offering bespoke solutions to the various industries they work in worldwide. With a commitment to excellence over the last 10 years, they have successfully managed clinical trials, ensuring the delivery of high-quality data and timely results. “Our alliance with Prelude marks a pivotal expansion of our capabilities,” said Dr. Fabio Zanuzzo, Manager of Aquatic Animal Health at The Center for Aquaculture Technologies. “We are not just embracing technological innovation; we are actively deploying it to set new benchmarks in the aquaculture sector. Our clients stand to gain immensely from the heightened efficiency and precision that these advanced tools bring to our already robust research methodologies.” Prelude is a leader in animal health focused electronic data capture (EDC) systems designed to optimize and streamline clinical research processes. This partnership represents a signifiOCT - NOV 2023

advancement through a strategic partnership with Prelude.

cant step towards providing a comprehensive suite of services that encompass both clinical research expertise and cutting-edge software solutions. This technology is expected to offer a competitive edge to CATC’s clientele by enhancing data accuracy, expediting timelines, and facilitating smarter, more informed decision-making. Both organizations share a commitment to innovation, quality, and client satisfaction. By joining forces, they are looking forward to providing a more holistic and robust approach to clinical research and data management. As the Center for Aquaculture Technologies continues to pioneer new frontiers in research and technology, this partnership with Prelude is a testament to their unwavering commitment to excellence and the continuous improvement of industry standards.

class industry expertise and experience. CATC holds a variety of certifications including, GLP, GMP, ACQ3 & ACQ2, integrating our customized service offering with the highest quality of work.

About Prelude Prelude is a life science software company looking to raise the bar on the The Center for Aquaculture Tech- research experience, thus making the nologies Canada (CATC) is a contract world safer and healthier by acceleratresearch organization specializing in ing new product development of lifeAquaculture research and trials. CATC saving medicine and devices. About The Center for Aquaculture Technologies Canada

offers bespoke bench top and in-tank trials and challenges for a variety of species at both our Souris & Victoria, PEI locations, presenting our clients with custom made solutions to the challenges they are facing with best-in-

Founded in 2003, Prelude’s founders created a new type of electronic data capture (EDC) system – that is, with the end-user in mind while still being able to withstand the most extreme scrutiny for data, accuracy, and speed.

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Upcoming

aquaculture events

NOVEMBER 2023 AQUACULTURE TAIWAN EXPO & FORUM Nov. 1-3, 2023 Taipei, Taiwan T: +886 2 2738 3898 E: aat-tw@ubm.com W: https://www.cantonfair.net/event/1683-aquaculture-taiwanexpo-forum BUSAN INTERNATIONAL SEAFOOD AND FISHERIES EXPO (BIFE) Nov. 1-3, 2023 Busan, Korea T: +82-51-740-7518,7519 E: bisfe@bexco.co.kr W: https://www.bisfe.com:456/eng/ AQUAEX INDIA Noviembre 2-4, 2023 Bhimavaram, AP, Bharat (India) T: +91 98480 33333 E: mail@aquaexindia.com W: https://aquaexindia.com/ AFRAQ AQUACULTURE AFRICA 2023 Nov. 13-16, 2023 Lusaka, Zambia T: (+1) 760 751 5005 Fax: (+1) 760 751 5003 E: worldaqua@was.org W: www.was.org CONACUA ´23 Nov. 29-30, 2023 Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico T: (+52) 6681 030 484; 668 815 6227 W: https://conacua.com/ https://www.facebook.com/ConacuaMx

DECEMBER 2023 ALGAEUROPE 2023 Dec. 12-15, 2023 Prague, Czech Republic T: +31 85 401 73 97 E: info@dlg-benelux.com W: https://algaeurope.org/ FEBRUARY 2024 AQUACULTURE AMERICA 2024 Feb. 18-21, 2024 San Antonio, Texas, USA T: (+1) 760 751 5005 Fax: (+1) 760 751 5003 E: worldaqua@was.org W: www.was.org MARCH 2024 AQUASUR. FOR A BLUE TRANSFORMATION March 19-21, 2024 Puerto Montt, Chile T: +56 9 8188 8565 E:info@aqua-sur.cl W: www.aqua-sur.cl MAY 2024 XXI INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FISH NUTRITION AND FEEDING. BLUE AND GREEN AQUAFEEDS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE May 27-31, 2024 Puerto Vallarta, México T: +52 (55) 1090 2474 E: isfnf2024secretariat@gmail.com, isfnf2024sponsor@gmail. com W: http://isfnf2024.com/

JULY 2024 ASIAN-PACIFIC AQUACULTURE 2024 July 2-5, 2024 Surabaya, Indonesia T: (+1) 760 751 5005 Fax: (+1) 760 751 5003 E: worldaqua@was.org W: www.was.org AUGUST 2024 BLUE FOOD/GREEN SOLUTIONS AQUA 2024 Aug. 26-30, 2024 Copenhagen, Denmark T: (+1) 760 751 5005 Fax: (+1) 760 751 5003 E: worldaqua@was.org W: www.was.org SEPTEMBER 2024 LATIN AMERICAN & CARIBBEAN AQUACULTURE 2024 Sept. 24-27, 2024 Medellín, Colombia T: (+1) 760 751 5005 Fax: (+1) 760 751 5003 E: worldaqua@was.org W: www.was.org NOVEMBER 2024 AQUACULTURE AFRICA 2024 Nov. 20-23, 2024 Hammamet, Tunisia T: (+1) 760 751 5005 Fax: (+1) 760 751 5003 E: worldaqua@was.org W: www.was.org

advertisers Index

AERATION EQUIPMENT, PUMPS, FILTERS AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, ETC DELTA HYDRONICS LLC.................................................................9 T: 727 861 2421 www.deltahydro.com ANTIBIOTICS, PROBIOTICS AND FEED ADDITIVES SÓMA..........................................................................................13 24, Hanbul-ro 69 Beon-gil, Eumseong-eup, Eumseong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 27698, Korea E-mail : somafeednadditive@gmail.com T: 043-878-0591 www.ssoma.co.kr EVENTS AND EXHIBITIONS AQUACULTURE AFRICA 2024 �� INSIDE COVER Nov. 20-23, 2024 Hammamet, Tunisia T: (+1) 760 751 5005 Fax: (+1) 760 751 5003 E: worldaqua@was.org W: www.was.org ASIAN-PACIFIC AQUACULTURE 2024....................... INSIDE COVER July 2-5, 2024 Surabaya, Indonesia T: (+1) 760 751 5005 E: worldaqua@was.org W: www.was.org

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BLUE FOOD/GREEN SOLUTIONS AQUA 2024........INSIDE COVER Aug. 26-30, 2024 Copenhagen, Denmark T: (+1) 760 751 5005 E: worldaqua@was.org W: www.was.org

LATIN AMERICAN & CARIBBEAN AQUACULTURE

2024......................................................................INSIDE COVER Sept. 24-27, 2024 Medellín, Colombia T: (+1) 760 751 5005 E: worldaqua@was.org W: www.was.org XXI INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FISH NUTRITION AND FEEDING. BLUE AND GREEN AQUAFEEDS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE............................................................................1 May 27-31, 2024 Puerto Vallarta, México T: +52 (55) 1090 2474 E: isfnf2024secretariat@gmail.com, isfnf2024sponsor@gmail.com W: http://isfnf2024.com/ TANKS AND NETWORKING FOR AQUACULTURE

REEF INDUSTRIES..................................................BACK COVER 9209 Almeda Genoa Road Z.C. 7075, Houston, Texas, USA. Contact: Gina Quevedo/Mark Young/ Jeff Garza. T: Toll Free 1 (800) 231-6074 T: Local (713) 507-4250 E-mail: gquevedo@reefindustries.com / jgarza@reefindustries.com / myoung@reefindustries.com www.reefindustries.com

AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE........................5, INSIDE BACK COVER Design Publications International Inc. 401 E Sonterra Blvd. Sté. 375 San Antonio, TX. 78258, USA Office: +210 504 3642 Office in Mexico: +52 (33) 8000 0578 - Ext: 8578 Subscriptions: iwantasubscription@dpinternationalinc.com Sales & Marketing Coordinator crm@dpinternationalinc.com | Cell: +521 33 1466 0392 Sales Support Expert sse@dpinternationalinc.com | Cell:+521 333 968 8515

PANORAMA ACUÍCOLA MAGAZINE Empresarios No. #135 Int. Piso 7 Oficina 723 Col. Puerta de Hierro, C.P.45116 Zapopan, Jal. México Office: +52 (33) 8000 0578 Contact 1: Subscriptions E-mail: suscripciones@panoramaacuicola.com Office: +52 (33) 8000 0629 y (33) 8000 0653 Contact 2: Sales & Marketing Coordinator. crm@dpinternationalinc.com | Cell: +521 33 1466 0392 Contact 3: Sales Support Expert E-mail: sse@dpinternationalinc.com www.panoramaacuicola.com

OCT - NOV 2023