NOVEMBER 1971

The "Great" Legal Profession Of Pine Bluff

November 1971

~ PURELY SELFISH REASONS ( If No Other)

YOU SHOULD BELONG TO THE ARKANSAS BAR ASSOCIA TlON

IF YOU ARE A MEMBER You Are

eligible for partIcIpation in the Asso c iation Endorsed Group Disability Plan.

Over $400,000 in disability payments have been paid to members of the association since the plan was started in 1946. The r ates are approx imate ly half what you would be required to pay for an individual policy.

Other plans available include Major Medical, Life, Accident, Professional Liability & Catastrophic.

And Don't Forget

You Wi I

serve your profession by supporting th e Association's continuing efforts to improve standards of legal education, of judicial administration and of admissions to the bar. You help protect th e lawyer's professional status by opposing unauthorized practice, and through an expanded program of public' service activities.

the good fellowship and the deve lopment o f close fri endships with you r brother ;-~~----':==---------------, lawyers at Association activi ties.

This is an opportun ity to serve you rsel f and the pub li c as well. receive subscriptions to both the Arkansas Law Review and The Arkansas Lawyer.

These journals will bring you informative articles about the Law, lawyers and their activities.

Your membership includes both subscriptions.

You W ill

ARKANSAS BAR ASSOCIATION

408 Donaghey BUilding little Rock, Arkansas

NOVEMBER 1971 VOL. 5 NO. 6

We THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ARKANSAS BAR ASSOCIATION

Arkansas Lawyer SPECIAL FEATURES

OFF ICERS Paul B. Young, President Henry Woods, Vice·President Robert D. Ross, Secretary·Treasurer

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR C. E. Ransick

Documentation of Settlements . . . .... Robert S. Undsey 230 On Legal Writing . ... .. . . . Professor Albert P. Blaustein 214 The Challenge of Reform In Administration Of Criminal Justice . . .... . Senator John L. McClellan 228 Report of Maritine Law Committee .. . . .... .. . ....... .. . 242 Admiralty Jurisdiction in Oklahoma (and Arkansas) .. .... .. .. .... ........... . L. J. Roach 218 19th Mid-Year Meeting Program ... ....... ...... . .... ... 222 Standards Workshops II and III ..... .. ... .... ....... ... 236

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE James West, Chairman Phillip Carroll James B. Sharp Lynn Wade Dale Price John Mann Ex·Officio Paul B. Young Henry Woods Robert D. Ross John Lile J. C. Deacon James B. Blair Stephen Matthews Lou is L. Ramsay, Jr.

REGULAR FEATURES About The Cover .... . ..... ...... ........... . .... .. .... 212 President's Report . . .. . . . .............. . Paul B. Young 211 Juris Dictum ..........•.•. •. . .. . . . . ...... .. C. R. Huie 224 Law School News ...... . •.• . • ...... Robert Brockmann 238 Oyez-Oyez ........ . ....... ..... •.... . ..... B. Ghormley 210 In Memoriam .. .. ........ . ....... .. ......... .. .. .... ... 241 Executive Committee Notes ... ..... ... . Robert D. Ross 243 Published bi-monthly by the A r kansas Ba r

Association, 408 Don ag h ey Bldg. , Little

Rock, Arkansas 72201. Secon d c l ass pas-.

tage pai d at Little Rock, Arkansas. S ubscription price to non -mem b ers of t h e

Arkan sas Bar Association $6 . 00 per yea r an d to members $2.00 per year inc l u d ed In annua l d ues. Any opinion expressed herein Is that of the author, and not necessarily that of the A r ka n sas B ar

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

Association , The Arkansas Lawyer, or the Editorial Committee. Contri b utions to the Arkansas Lawyer ar e welcome and should be sent in two copies to t h e Arkansas Bar Center , 408 Donagh ey Bl d g., LltUe Rock, Arkansas 72201.

Robert D. Ross Philip E. Di xon C. E. Ransick

Al l inquiries rega rding advert ising should be sent to Advertising Depa r tment, Ark· ansas Lawyer, Post Office Box 4117, North Little Rock, Arkansas 721 16 .

209

vill e . Mitchell D . Moore, Osceo la, ha s been nam ed b y Associatio n President Pa ul B. Young , as the new chair man of

the Economics of law Praclice Committee. Chancellor Terr y She ll, Jonesbo ro, ha s been e levated to pres id e nt o f the Arkansas Judicial Council with Circuit Co urt ludge Harold

Simpson, Pocah o n tas, as vice-pre id e o !. The Council 's Exe c utive Committee members ar e : Cha nce llors James Ches nutl , H Oi Springs and Al ex Sa nd e rfo rd , Texa rkana; Ju stice Frank Holt, lilli e Roc k; and Circ ui l (ourl Judge s Ch a rle s Light , Paragould and William Enfield, Be nt o nvill e . lud ge lawr e n ce Daw son, Pin e BluH, ha s wrillen a propose d

By B. Ghormley

J. C. D eacon, lanesboro, has been elected to a tw o-year term on the Counci l of th e ABA General Prac ti ce ection . H .

William All en, Little Rock, has been appOinted 10 an AHA Commitlee whic h wi ll supervise a nalio nal sur vey o f the public 's use o f legal se rvices. Dale Pri ce , liltl e Rock, has been elected to se rv e a seco nd term a a member o f the Board of Governors of t he Ameri can Trial law ye rs Association . Richard Griffin, Crossett , being elected sta te co mmill eeman , will represen t Arkan sas on the na tio nal co mmill ee of the Ameri can Trial lawyers Association . Ed win Ald erson, Jr., EI D orad o , has been named Chairman of Ihe Menia l Heallh Commillee of Ihe slal e Heall h Planning Coun cil. Larry Gradd y, Conway, a recent graduate , ha been appointed as an as sistant to City Attorney Rob ert W . H enry.

Judge J. G . Ragsdale, EI Dorado, allended a Iwo路week session of fh e American Acad emy of JudiCIa l Educatio n in Alabama 10 provide pra c ti cal informatio n for judges and co urts of limit ed and specia l jurisdic tion . Deput y prosec uting altorney of EI Dorado , Alberl H anna, attend ed th e first Nationa l Co llege of Advocacy at the Ha sting s Co llege of Law in Calif. Two more judges have been in at tendance al sessio ns of the National College o f Stat e Trial ludges : Joe Villines, Harri so n, and William Enfield, Benton -

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bill tha i would provide for election of judges o n a no npartisan ba sis . Eugene Mazza nti, lillie Roc k, wa s a fear ured speaker at a meeting of th e lanesboro Optimi st Club. Art Give ns, litlle Rock, was a speaker at a noo n meeting of rhe North lillie Rock Serloma Cl ub. The 14th Chancery District Bar Association and the Frank li n Co un ty Bar Assoc iation held their annual meeti ng together in September with Paul B. Yo ung, Association President , as th e evening speaker.

Governor Dale Bump ers wa s in attendan ce. Joseph N. Peaco ck , M cC ro ry, ha s opened law o ffi ces at 路11 9 E. Second St . William C. Brazil, Co nwa y, ha s moved his law office to 1008 Fron t SI. To m Tat um , Ru ssellville, has o pened his law office al Sixlh & Main . New officers of the Craighead County Bar are: Marvin Kieffer, Pre sident ; David La ser, VicePresident ; and Frank Lad y, Secret ary-Treasurer. Lero y Froman is the new Pres ident of the While Co unty Bar Association . The spri ng and summer 1971 issues of the Arkansa s Law Review are being dedicated to Dr. Robert A. Lellar. The iss ues c oi ncide with th e 251 h anniver sa ry o f the law Review . Robert Sa r ve r, little Ro ck, is now leaching a co urse " Problems in Co rr ec ti o n" al th e Slate Grad uate School of Social Wo rk . Rogers Municipal Co urt ludge Davis Duly sub m ill ed h is resignation to be effec ti ve December 31 , 1971 .

PBESIBIIT~S

IEPOIT

By Paul B. Young

During the last few years th ere has developed a close relatio nship between the Arkan sas Bar Association and the organized bar o rganizations in o ur neighboring states . One evidence of thi s is the number of visiting Bar Presidents at o ur an nual meetings and , of co urse, the Arkansas President is invited to att end their co nventio ns. I have already attended the meeting o f th e M iss issipp i Bar at Bilox i and th e Missouri Bar Co nvention at Kansas City. Incidentally, Co ngressman Wi lbur Mills was the featured speaker at the Missouri Bar and Governor Da le Bumpers wi ll fill that posi tion at the Oklahoma Ba r meeting in December.

O f cou rse, th e social aspects of this interchange are very pleasan t but more important there are rea l benefits to the programs of the different ba r associations who parti cipat e. As your President visits the other ba r meetings, h e is able to learn about what is being discussed by lawyers in ot her states, to observe th eir programs and to compare and exchange ideas.

O ne of the most valuable meetings for this purpose is the annual Regional Conference of Bar President s which was recently attended by Jack Deacon , Henry Wood s and myse lf at the Lake o f Ozarks in Missouri.

The conferen ce included the presiden ts, president s elect and past presidents of the state bars of Alabama, Arka nsas, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mi ss iss ippi , Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia . The conference is small enough in numbers so that it lends itself to an info rmal discussion type format which makes it possible for the bar officers to trade ideas and experiences in an extremely useful way. The topics discussed incl uded interrelations of bar presidents and staff, in vo lving the pub lic in co urt modernization and reform, public relations and techniques, the bar and the legislature and automobile reparat ions legislat ion .

I was quite proud of the fact that on th e basis of the discu ss ion the Arkansas Bar is up with and , indeed in many cases, ahead of other bars on our programs but

at the same time we picked up several good ideas as we li stened to th e experi ences of other states.

O ne of th e interesting discussions on a relatively new fie ld of bar acti vity was led by William McCalpin of St. Louis who is chairman of a special American Bar Association Committee o n Prepaid Legal Services. This Committee has the assignme nt of reco mmending whether the ABA shou ld assume permanent respon sibi lit ies in this field. It has been assisting in the supervision of pilot projects at Sh revepo rt and Los Angeles to determine w hether a practica l plan in the interest of the public and the profession can be deve loped.

Mr. McCalpi n pointed out that many people believe th ere is a definit e need for legal services in the middle inco m e group of o ur popu lation which is not being met. Surveys have indicated that this group which makes up 70 per cent of th e population have many problems requiring legal help but that they employ lawyers very rarely. Several trade organizatio ns have expressed an interest in obtaining legal se rvices as a group ben efit. As I understand one of th e main pu rposes of Mr. McCalpi n's committee is to try to be sure that if plans of thi s type develop that th ere be made availab le one which preserves our trad itional concep t of free choice of a lawyer.

Another subject discussed at the Conference of Bar Presidents was that ou r continui ng lega l ed ucation .

On this particular field of bar activity, I am convinced that the Arkansas Bar Association ranks very high and judging from the number of persons who registered and attended and the co mm ent s that I have heard, I believe that the Fall Lega l In stitute and the Co nference of Legal Secretaries were two of the finest program s that we have had presented in a long time. Attendance at the lega l secretaries program exceeded our highest expectation and I am sure that it will become an annual event by popular demand . The Arkansas Bar Association is grateful and indebted 00 the perso ns who did the planning and made the arrangements for th ese two fine events.

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THE COVER STORY.

The "Great" Legal Profession of Pine Bluff "Every calling is great, when greatly pursued. " Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Law Th e O dd s Are 880,000 to 1!!

Mathematically il is impossible! Th ere are so m e 50 Pin e Bluff allorneys who are memb ers of th e 1500-member Arkansas Bar Assoc iation - ju st 1130 in strength . Yel , in the c urrent Bar year 1971-72, th e four main elective offices in the Asso ciati o n and Arkansas Bar Foundati o n are all held b y Pin e Bluff law yers . f o rge tting thai the o dds are impro babl e - who

are these membe rs and what offices d o the y ho ld .

(1) Paul B. Young - President , Arkansa s Bar Association (2) Louis l. Ram say, Jr. - Association Delegate 10 th e Ameri can Bar Association (3) Jo hn G. Ule III - Chairman , Association's Young law ye rs Section (4) Stephen A. Matthew s - Chairman , Arkan sas Bar Foun dation Mr. Young was no minat ed and elected from th e Southern Dist r ict for th e Association 's Vice-Presidency in 1970 and automatically succeeded to the p osition of Pr esident o n July 1,1971 . Th e election proce dures are se t fo rth in Artic le V o f th e Assoc iation 's Co n st itutio n .

Mr. Ramsay was nominat ed al the Asso ciatio n 's 72nd An nual Meeting in 1970 and unanim o usly elec ted 10 succeed

'ay W. Dickey. ,r, Chairman Law Day Committee

him self as the Arkan sas Bar Associa tion 's Del egate to the America n Bar Associ ati o n fo r a two -year term , ending at the adjournment of the 1972 ABA An nual M ee ting. Arti c le VIII o f the Associalion's Constitution cove rs thi s office and elec tion t herelo .

Mr. lile was elec ted Vice-Chairman o f Ihe Assoc iation 's Young law ye rs Secl io n al its annual mee ting in June 1970, and auto maticall y bec am e Chairman at the close of il s annual meeting in June 1971 . Article IV of the By- laws of th e Young lawyers Sec/ion is co ntrolli ng. The Young lawyers Section includes all Association members, 35 years o ld and yo unger, and is b y far th e larges t group in th e Association .

Mr. Mallhews was elected Vice -Chairman of the Fo un dation at its annual meeti ng in lun e 1970, and then elec ted Chai rman at ii S annual m ee ting in January 1971, in acco rdance with Article VI of th e Fo unda tion 's By -laws.

Thu s th e fo ur were elec ted acco rding to three different se ts of govern ing rul es. II is no t o ur r>urpose h ere to prese nt bi ographical sketches of these promin ent Bar members . Th e Pine Bluff Bar has still more to offer - and th e odd s increa se.

Chairmen o f four important Commillees are al so from Pin e

Bluff'

Martin G. Gilbert Chairman Pre-Law Advisors Committee

William R. Holland Chairman Award o f Merit Comm i ttee

We w o uld add that an ot h er group of 16 Pine Bluff lawyers, no t included in th e above, also serve o n v arious Association Committees . Th ey are: Judge la wrence Daw so n , M . J. Pro b st ,

Edward I. S'a'en. Bar' Mull;s, ludge Charles Go ldberge r, Ed Owen , Ted Drake, F. Daniel Harrelso n, Joh n A. Davis , III , William C. Bridgforth , Kenneth Bairn , Eugene S. Harris, John l.

Ru h , Robert Ho lmes, R. A. Ei lboll , Don H. Sm ith . Thi s m ean s Ihal 24 Pin e Bluff members ar e direc tl y involved in State Bar work - nearly 50 per ce nt parti cipation .

BUI we c annot SlOp h ere -

212

E. Harley Cox

Chairman Annual M ee ting Committee

We mu st again recognize that the fo remo st Arkan sas allor · ney is from Pin e Bluff · Chief Ju stice Carleton Harri s.

We mu st go o n · the Pr esi dent o f the Arkansas Pro sec uting Attorneys Associ ati o n is Joe Holmes o f Pine Bluff, of c our se.

Mr. Holmes is th e Prosec uting Attorney for the 11th Judicial Circuit.

Mr. N . , . Gantl, Jr. is th e oldest Pa st President o f th e Arkan sas Bar Associatio n, both fr om th e poin t o f se rvi ce and yea rs young . Mr . Gantt is 92 years o ld and was President of the Association in 1940· 41 . Mr. Gantt served as Pre si den t of th e Council of Pa st Pre sident s - and ha s not mis se d an Associat ion Annual M eeting o r Past Presidents ' Breakfa st within mem o ry. Pin e Bluff is deservedly proud of thi s senio r attorney.

We also w ish to ackn ow ledge th e Pin e Bluff Contingent in the Jeffe rso n Cou nt y Bar Association - D o nald H. Smith , Edward M . Owen s, Sr., and Jo hn Ru sh .

Pin e Bluff is rightfully proud of its legal co rp s. The odd s are that no ot her cily in the United St at es ha s a mo re d edica ted and involved group of lawyers. They ha ve, as stat ed b y Oliver Wende ll Ho lmes, made th e profess io n of law - G REAT - in Pine Bluff. We are plea se d to present thi s sal ute to th em and to Pine Bluff, th eir cit y.

Chief Justice Carleton Harris of the Arkan sas Supreme Cour t .

Mr. Joe Ho lm e5

President • Donald H . Sm ith

Mr. N . J. Gantt, Jr.

Vice- Pr es ident . Edward M . Owens

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Secretary- Trea surer . fohn Ru,h

On legal Writing

.'

I

AlbeIt P. BltIustein !rue (esp ec iall y Hu e?) abo ut articl es o n lega l w ri ting.&

EDITO R'S COMMENT -

Thi s is a se rio us mailer. For the

Th is is the th ird in a series o f ar ti cles o n legal wr iting. The fir st, "General Con si derations in Legal

ram ificat ion s o f bad legal w r it ing are ve ry COSily - in l ime, in money an d , indeed , in th e ve ry quali ty o f li fe J Working to im prove legal writ ing is n o frivo lo u s exercise. l egal w ritin g is impo rtan t

Draftin g," w as by Pr o fesso r of law Reed D ic kerson of Ind iana U niversi ty and w as publ ished in June 1970 iss u e of Th e A rk an sas Lawyer . Th e

BECAUSE

second, "Appellate Brief Writi ng,"

by Pro fesso r H. C. Co uch o f th e Tulan e U niversit y Sch ool o f Law appeared in th e Sep te mber 1970 issue o f Th e Arkan sas l awyer. W e ar e indebt ed 10 th e Cleveland-Marshall Law Rev iew and to Pro fesso r Blau stein fo r permi ss io n to reprint

thi s arti cle.

V irtuall y all l eg al w rit i n g is atr oc io u s!' Thi s is tru e about (a) sta tut es and admin ist ra tive regula ti o n s; 2 (b) j udic ial o pi n ion s) and agen cy rulings; (c ) trial pap ers and ap pella te briefs;4 (d) o ffice memo randa and o pini o n lell er s; (e) ann olalio n s and d igest paragraph s; and (f) law trea li ses an d legal arti cles . 5 II is even

A) l egal writin g is esse n ti all y w ha t t he la wye r does;8 B) l egal wri ting is th e primar y vehicle used b y lawye rs to info rm and guide d ecisio n -make rs and Ihose w h o see k legal ad v ice;9 C) Th e co n sequen ces o f legal writin g ar e so impo rlant ; IO D) Goo d legal writin g is essenlial 10 c lear legal thinki ng. II Dani el W eb ster tau ghl fha t " th e power o f c lear statement is th e greal power o f th e bar. "'2 Yel all are agreed that l o da y's legal w riti ng produc t fall s fa r sh o rl o f "clear stal emen t " ll and fa r sh ort o f what is exp ec ted of m embers o f th e bar.14 Th e law sc h ools ha ve lo ng been aw are o f thi s d efic ien c y. ' 5 Q uit e r ightl y, th ey have put th e m ajo r blam e

" Recently two legal sc ho lars, Professo r Albert Blaustein o f Rutg ers and Ro y Mersky o f th e U ni versit y o f Texas, set o ut to grade all th e JuSl ices (U .S. Supreme Court) and th e qualit y o f their ind ividu al co ntribut io ns" - Th e Twelve Great Justices o f All Tim e, Life, Ocrober 15, 1971 . Perh aps, we best accep t Life's desc riptiDn of Pro fessor Blauste in as " legal sc ho lar," sin ce it w o uld take a boo k to reco unt th e bases th erefo r. He is auth or and co auth o r o f num ero us lega l boo ks and articles . He ha s bee n Law Librarian at Rutgers and is a w o rld -wide con sul tant o n law libraries and law schools.

Usted in Who 's Wh o in America .

o n th e fai lure of high sch oo l and co llege Engli sh co mp osit io n teac hers to send a b ell er trai ned w r iter o n to th e graduat e sc hoo lsYt BUI, 10 th ei r credi t, th e la w sc h ools do mo re than ass ign blame. By no w , practic all y every law sc h ool ha s som e kind o f legal w riling program designed 10 produce b ell er la wye r - wr i t e r s. ' 7 Vet no o n e i s sat is fi ed . No w , w h ere do we go fro m here?

~~~~~~~~~~

"Give me three good reasons why lawyers like me need Dabbs Sui Ii van,Tru lock:, O.K . . .

1. We can handl e all t he det ai ls o f bl ock t rading, list ed , unl is ted , or " le tter" st ock .

2. We' ve had more experience in raisi ng new ca pital f or A rk ansas f irms than any o ther investment banker based in A r kansas.

3. Our co mmunications network kee ps you - and your clients - in to uch wi th th e f inancia l world . We' re the on ly A rkansas-based member of th e New Y or k Stock Exchange, Inc. Ca ll or visit t oday. We' ll give you more good reaso ns w hy you should keep in t ouch w ith us.

ICR1

WE K EEP YOU IN TOUCH

~

DABBS SULLIVAN, T1WLOCK & COMPANY, INC.

41 2 lOUI".n. lillie Roc k. Arbns.as 72201 ~I r R 6 3381 III f, ll" A~enUfl P,ne Blull. A,kans.as 71601 SOl IE 4 29SO

214

, The law School Charge Here are three rhing s which the law schools can (and should) do 10 im prove legal writing: A) Bring legal writing into Ihe under· graduate c la ssroom . Enter into working arrangements with the leachers of English compo sition 10 have stuuents (al leasl p r e law students) write papers on the law.

Cooperate by (ond uel ing discussions on legal topics leading to I he prepara tion of suc h papers . Underlake criti qu es , grading, elc. , of these papers . (As a start er, ha ve the co llege student write a " lawyer leller" ex p laining a slatulory provision or an adm inistrative regulatio n to a perso n with less Ihan a high sc hoo l education .) In addition to th e obvious value of such exercises , a program of thi s type will make pOl enlial law stud enl s mo re conscious of Ihe imparlance of acquiring writing skills.

B) Make lega l writing an integral part of all contin uing legal educat ion programs. Members of the bar need this type of training too . They must be given an opport unit y to prepare memoranda o f law , o pini o n lellers, pleadings, trial memoranda, etc. , un der th e direcl ion o f leachers of legal writing , as well as und er sub jeci specialists. And the re is no beller way of learning a course or bei ng tested on proficiency in the subjeci mailer of a co ur se. Sure it tak es more tim e and effori ; bUI it 's worth il.

C} Appoint legal - writing -expert teachers 10 teach lega l wriling courses .

This is slaled with due apprecialion o f Ih e advantages of l eaching some legal writing as a part of every law sc hoo l co ur se. (Srudenls in a criminal law co ur e might well be assigned to redraft a homicide sta tute and exp lain why; st udent s in a decedents' est ates course might well be given will drafling assignments ; and Ihere is required legal writing in sem inars, etc .) But this type o f legal wriling program ca nnot overcome the o bsla c le of so many teach er who do not ca re about legal wriling.

Legal wriling inslruction cannot be effective unless the teacher and the st udent go over the slUdenl 's work logelher on an individua l basis pointing up and discussing ways in which each wril ing (and each draft) can be improved . This requ ires a leac h er who is int erested in teac hing l egal writing and wh o know s something about ir . This is nor a job for third -year students o r graduate fellow Nor is il a tas k for a junior professor who is required to assume Ih e chore unl i l someo ne even more junior is added to Ihe faculty and he, in lurn , gels sluck with il.

On the ot her hand , il ca n.b e saidand well said - Ihal lega l wriling is too imporlant a mailer 10 be left to legal writing leachers. This i s faculty business of a high order.

So me Le ga l Writi ng G uid a nce Here is Ihe Blau slein decalogue of legal writing prin ciples, maxims, con cepls and ideas - all of whic h are in a co n Slanl Slat e of revisio n : 1. Th e AB C's of good lega l w riling are nol accuracy, brevity and clarity.

Use o nly Ihat degree o f accuracy, brev il y and clarily which is appropriale 10 Ihe given sil ualion . 18 2. Th e ABC's of good legal wril ing are I he applications o f broad princi ples of law to co ncrete si luation s.

Never ci l e a case or st at e a prin cip le of law without sell ing for th the applicable fa ci of Ihat case or the fa cts behind Ihe principle. And then sh ow the specific application of those facts 10 the facts of the legal problem involved in the wriling .

3. Legal wriling is lega l thinking comm unica l ed . Legal wriling can be no beller than Ihe Ih o ughl s behind il.

Lack of c laril y in wriling is usually th e direc t resull of fuzzy thi n king. The main rea so n why so muc h legal wriling is bad is because the w r ilers do no t kn ow what Ihey are writing aboul.

4. Do bell er legal wriling by wriling less . Thi s is more than a reminder to write shorter paragraphs, co mpo se d of shorter senlences, fi lled with shorler words . It is a recomme ndation 10 make more skill ful and imaginative u se of h ea dings , su bh eadings , pun c · t ual ion , numbers and lellers, diagram s, lables , chart s, va r iation s in type faces , et c.

5. Sent ences composed of English words sh o uld be read , nol translated .

6. In c ase of doubt as to Ihe relative clarity of a lega l wriling, the reader, not the wril er, must b e right. To so me degree, th e writer is always b esel by I h e foresl -t rees dicho tomy o r " hang· up."

7. Brevity in legal writing is nol delermined by coun ling pages, lines o r words, Brevily is delermined by m eas uring time - the time it take s 10 effect communicat ion bel ween the writing and the reader.

8. Innovale. Experimenl. So whal , if all Ih e new ideas don 'l work o ut !

Some will.

In Ihe RUlgers .

Cam d en lega l writing co urses nexl yea r, this leacher is go ing 10 try some experi ment s with di clating equipment . The lawyer· wriler mUSI learn how 10 u se such eq uipmenl for gene ral co rre spon dence. How can he u se I his mechani -

215

ca l aid in o utlining legal writing idea, preparing first drafl s, etc.?

The most familia r legal document 10 both Ihe law st udenl and the legal praclitioner is the judicial opinion . law si udenis spend far more li me reading cases I han any 0 1her type of legal writing. Thus Ihey kn ow more about th em . Pra cticing lawyers also know more aboul judicial opin io ns Ihan ab o ul m emora nda , briefs, opinion lell ers, etc. Why nol make beller use of I hi s kn ow ledge?

I have long plann ed to write an arliete recommending th e incl u sio n o f a d raft o pini o n as part of every appellale bri ef. In Ihe alternative, I ha ve long plann ed to include a draft o pini o n in Ihe next amicus brief which I was ask ed 10 co-a ulhor . Bul somehow the press of immed iate business has delayed that arlicle and som ehow there ha s nol been eno ugh time for o ut side-I he-class brief writing. So , for the presenl , we will experiment with this idea in Rutgers . Camden legal wril ing co urses.

9. Be prepared 10 brea k every rul e about good legal writing where il is appropriate 10 do so . Infinil ives ca n be sp lil 10 achieve empha sis. Brevity sh o uld be disrega rded where il makes wri l ing dull . Fo reign word s, long wo rds and words wilh roots in Lal in and Greek may so metimes be u se d in prefer en ce 10 sh o rt Anglo-Saxon wo rds. (Th ere are even sil ual ions where four -letter Ang lo -Saxo n w ords are comp letely inappropriate.) " It is unjust, si r," Samuel loh nso n said, " 10 ce n sure law yers fo r multiplying words . it is o fl en necessary fo r them to ~u'II'ipl y words." 19 But be aware of whal yo u are doing and why yo u are doing il.

10. When yo u fini sh a pi ece of legal wriling , stop. Of co urse Ihere are le~al co nce pts which ha ve not been diSc u sse d and of co ur se there are cases st ill un resea rch ed . Of co urse yo u ca n always make the product bell er by rewriling il one more time . Of co ur se there is an " i" left undo lled and a "1" left uncrossed . But so be il. Th e end .

FOOTNOTES 1 " No soooel dOH ooe conlempt011e Ihe law a"d IlIeulUre of Ihe I.w 11'1." he plunges heo1d·fir!ol 1010 . YISCOU\ se. of yelb.ge whICh ,Itt but dlown\ hIm " Ch.w, The Tyr.nny of Words (New YOlk, H.rcoulI , BrKe. 19)81 p 122 "The wllllen .nd spoken [nglt\h uwd belole OUI coun 1\ foil below ,he ~U Odolld wh ICh mould be u~ by gl.dUollH of ,n!>llluUon) of hlghel edUC.'lOn In Amellu (T)he gl.mm."CoIl enOl) .re qune nOllCe.ble The COn!>lfUC11On of wnllmen ~\ 10 h.ye been fOlgollen ~ Quo,ed In lord.n, The h,s/,", N~ 10# e nillely /he Im{>lO~ rr.rn,n8 01 Col~ .nd Unlyerll/Y Gr.du./es (lis Unde'8,.du./el) '" fhe Uie 01 B,U le fn8',lh IIccur.cy. ~dd'e~~ . AmefiColn A\\" lUI ! h t' Ad · voi ncemen, n l Science (Oec 29. 19<;", P )8 "(Tlhe I.ngu.ge 01 \ '.'ute\ \et'm\ ' " lU\!,ly [dmuml Bu,ke'\ I.men! th. , l.wvel\ hold ·bt'w.ld+"t·d 'hI" ...·"'Id Continued on page 216

~MN\Uled to lelm~

Con ti nued f ro m page 2 15

01 bulk 0 1 qu .. nllly. by 1", Ihe plopoliion 01 Ihl' lilWYi""~ I)IfIoduCI. Ihl' com· mo duy In whICh he d"ill~ . Ihe Ihlog which he ~IIs , II ~ou ple.\e. 15 Ihe Willi en wOld " PickeltOg. 00 le,,'OIng In Wille S~e~.ons fur SlUdy .nd P,.. cllce. 41 A B A ) 1121, 112211955) .. "rur hllw un • ludge be mSIlUCled. If Ihe. (' be w .. nllng lUCid cxpl .. n.lI"n . SI.lemenl. offel of p' oo l~. delmllum "f Ihc I)OInt 10 q uesllon. d' 5I1nCllon. elPO~IIIOn u f Ih(' kel '5 nwn Ol)IOIo n, IU51 concl USion flom .'gumenl s. .nl'Clp.... un of obll'Cllons, comp.lflwn5, t'x.mple5. dlge ... "," .. nd d'~II.bUllOn 01 m. lIel, occnlon.1 m · e"UI)I'Un ul OUI o pponeol. le1oI'illol on him wh .. n he IniellUI)I, nU'\elv~. n!lot'nlOn, IUSllflCilloon. deslluClIve ....ch'" Qumll"..o. InloiliUle-s of O,.IOfY, Bk. IX. ch II l'e'I~

• nd Ihem~lvl"i m org.nlllng form~ .nd cefemon_' .nd h.d ' pefplt'kt'd Ihe pl.lnr\! m.ueu wllh mel.phy\Iul I.,gon ' .. Rug"" , N('le~ "n Ihe l.ngu ..ge of PllhIICS. M Pol Sci QU~II 481 . SOl (1949) I l"I'~ nOI be.1 de. d hur..es • /Iud s Thl~ enum l'l.lIon IS fm IIIU~If"IIVt' PUI I)use~ only These V.flUUS lyPf"i o f leg .. 1 wmmg .,.. mere ek.mple5 The II ... do" nol plt'lend 10 bt> e.h.U5hVt' Iht' .ule nf t'.fp't'SSH) unflH t'!I t'(clusoo .f' erluJ d._ nf)! .pply " Gu In "II Move dlrKlly 10 "II 00 nOl p.s~ 'Go ' On not COUKI

'200 " And Ihelt' "'t' w m .. ny ollht'm' II 15 nHI ~ulpUs,"g Ih.l !toO m.ny l.wyel5 h.vt' wlluen ."ICit') .boUI 1t'S.1 ""'"llng Allt'l .,III . evt'rybudy likn HI I.lk ~op On Ihe ulhel h.nd (10 Ihe I.w 'hele I) .Iw.y~ 5<11"e "olh('1 h.nd" ), m.ny I.wyers .,t' 1t'luCl .. nl "' wltle .. boul leg.1 willing Ihl5 IS e5pe<"I"Uy true IIf 'e.chel) uf leg. I w""ng, mcludlng Ihe ilUlhm uf Ihl5 .rllcle Hen"s why Alllcit's .. boUI legal Willing shoule/he especlilily well wII"en And who w.nu III Ify til m('('1 Ih.1 ch .. llenge' Iht'lt' comes a 'Imt'. howevel. when Ihe w.chelof leg.l wllhng w.nlS 10 wy something on Iht' sublt'C1 And 11 '\ nlll wt'li w"Ut'n. wt'll. 10 hell wllh II Wh .. 1 IS net>ded In Iht' Ilielillulr 01 Ih .. I.. w I\.n .mclt' on how 10 wlllr illIlCJ.es fin Iq.. 1 wIlling Iht'lt' .. I,e.. dy IS one on hnw 10 wrllt' Ihem fill wit' (I". m"ney) lur publlC..JllOn ott'Ck, Relot'.,ch .nd WII,mg fOi Ihp PIOIt'SSIOn.1 Milrkel Th .. fln .. nc •• 1 A5pt'<15. 19 I leg.l [d J2S (19&7) , oon'l mmlmlle Ihe conlllbUllon of b.d It'g.I wfiling In Ihe III) 01 SOCiely tl;ad leg.. ' wrumg 1t'~ul '5 m nee<lle5~ ""ga"on . • nd II somellme5 h.ppt>n \ Ih .., b..d leg.1 willing I.. sulls In hilvmg Ihe wlong ".lIles IllS(' sume uf Ih .. 1 IlIlg.. lIon 8.Jd leg.1 Willing "Iso otdds '" Iht' sum 10lili o f all8,.villion .. nd bolednm And Iher.. 15 ('nnugh 01 bolh "f Ihese iI"e.dy • " (M)olol 01 you (I.. wyel~) w.1I ~pend Ihlt't' ·luUllh~ of YUUI Plofe5~lon"l wllh. nulC!brnll .nd. pencil 10 h .. nd Irylng 10 pUi down 10 willing .. lull' til cunduel In bt' lollowed 101 .,I ~lIlCul .. , U!lot' Nil "Ihel plllfe~51un. unle~~ II bt> Ih.l uf. pwlenlfm.1 WIII('I. devoles • like • mounl of ellon .nd en('(gy I., willing " 8eli>C. Ablilly to Prul.. u.onili (Iillis ilnd In ,he U~(' uf tht' [ngh\h l .. ngu.gl' , 2J Rucky Me l ReY 4& (1950) t

I'

"'e

.,w.

2 (90 AD) " UW~II .,e Siudenl5 01 I.ngu. ge by profes~n (T)he I.. nllu"~ Ihey U\oe IS the pflnCl~J meil ns by wh IC h Ihey

. chreve Ihell succrs~s, They exe, cise Ihei r powt" 10 COUll by milnlpul il lmg Ihe Iho UShn .nd o p inions 01 ulhe.,. " Ph.l bllck, l "ngu.gl' .. nd the law (N ew YO lk, M. cmlll.n, 1949) p v 10"1 ilm nut behllhng my own ".d r, o llhe . r. de 0 1 .n isl · " " "'ge. when I ~.y Ihill Iilwyers il nd judgrs h. ve . mOIl' Immedl.'e ,I .. k.. Ih.n h.s Ihe plo frssional w riler in ",h .. 1 15 M'I down on p.pel BUI 101 .. II YOUI Willi en Ih(,(IfY. fur y"ul full'S 01 tilw, fOI Ihe plecedrniS you mily m.~e ellht'l belme Ihe Iudge's bench 01 on ",Ihere IS. dllI"C' c hOlul .pphCilllOn Somebody gCH'S 10 1... 1, S(lmebildy P"~ • fine. 01 lOllells hiS money. 01 hiS ,epul .. lum Snmebi)dy h.n8\, Of IS ~ved 110m h.ngmg " 8uwt'n , Ihe l"wyt'l .. nd Ihe Klng's [ngllsh . • dd,f>SS t~'h" I' Ihe 8, .. ndels lilWyt'IS Sucrely. Phll.delph, .. (Nnv 21. 1950) jlllv.. le p"nl . P 7 ··(A)I.Jt,ul 15 P~'1 u'nl "f In'II"Ic-d c.~. cuv.... e<! by the (c"n"nl~1 ~I udy .. nd ,t'.chlng .",)('11.1(' CUUIIS levnlvt>d .blluc p",blt'm\ 01 mieip/et.lllm of I.ngu.gt' A gcmd pol" III Ihp dlfflc ul ly, we concl udt'd . w.. ~ u.ct'.bl(' dllt'Clly III mcumplt'le neguU"ll un by Iht· p""Ie \ .. nd pum d, .. flsm.nshl l) ellh('( by Ihe " .. ,he, '" Ihell Cll un · 10('1 10 m.. ny III .he use~ Ihe cnull~ bluntly '><lId ~I" sn"llneid. Rev,ew "I s.. ~1C ("nll..el l .. w by lun l fu ll .... I I ll'g..Jl Ed l SI. 154 (1943) " "I\.lodt',n [ngh~h , e-speclilily wllilen Eng,,\n. 1\ full ,,1 b..d h.bn\ which ~ ".e.. d by Imll,,"un .. nd whteh c .. n be "V",d,·d If line ') wtllmg h, I.ke Ihe n,'Ct'~\.,y Im ubll' If !lIlt' 1.("'5 lid ul tht'\€' h .. btl) one un Ihm k mill" cit'.,ly. .. nd 10 Ihmk cleil.ly I ~ .. nt'Ces ..... y III'" ~It' ll Iflw.,d

pollUu1 't'Sent'f"llOn !.O Ihill Ihe fight oI8"ln!ol Iud [ogh~ I ~ nUl fllvolous . If Ihough l COIiUpU lilngu..gt>. l"08uol8e un .1!iI' w"up! IhoUShl .. O1well • PohllCs .. nd . he [ng"sh l .. ngu ..ge. Ifo m, Shonung An [Iephilnl (New YOlk. H.rcouli . 8'i1ct'. 1945) pp 77,89 '1 H.lVey, Rem'",Kt'nce~ .nd Anecdoles of O"OIel W('b· SIl'l (80~lOn, l ill ie. 8mwn . 1877) " 1.8 " rhls may be Ihe " n ly Ihmg .boul whlc h .n I.wye' s . nd .11 chenlS do . 1I,ee "(T )hroughuuI Ihe long hi~lo'y of Ihe It'gill p'/Jle§~.on Ihe peo pl.. have .. Iways cumpl"lned .bclU! the w"y I~wyels Wille Al leasl I un II ..Ct' Ihl~ hISl"'y .. ~ 1.. , b.Kk "'I CICt'IO, .. lli tlel, l"S.1 \\'llllng In Lilw PI"C"CP. II C.ltl 5 6 I 28, 29 (1956) ,. " 'h('le 15 genet.1 "glt'Pfl14'nl IhrnughoUi Ihe [08li~h !>-p-e.kmg wmld Ih ..1 m,,'" young men cllmlng 10 Ihe b", It'Cenlly h.vt' nOI hMl ..dequ .. le sk,n In Will 109 " Abt>I. InllUduitOn III It'Koll Willing. 12 fmnnlO l J 81 (1957) I~ "Th .. fnS")1I (II Ihe I.. w Khool Slud('n' 1\ subft'Ct If) Ihe con!'!"nl CIIII(lsm "f Ihe I.. w KholJl I.cully. 10 hke man · nel Ihe [ng"~h II I I.w !oChool gl.d u.'es . ~ ~Cl)led by p,.CHClng I.. wyels " Viindelb. II, A Report on Pleleg.1 EdlK .. hon, 2S N V U l Rev 199. 245 (1950) I. "(T)wenly IIt'I cent (o l . Columbia l ilw School cI.ss su, veyed) .dm.lled 10 no college coul§e§ '" [ngli~h com poStllfln Any eocou'''K.. meru line mlghl dellve lfUm ,he robust pelct'nl.gt' III Ihu\e whll h.d 'Kelved ".Imng tn w,II,"g IS Ioh.lleled when o nt' ilClu.lIy encounielS In m ..5S Ihe WII""O wurk of I.w Sludenl~ Evt'n Ihe mu~ IOle, .. nl III crlliCS Wilt c"ocede ,h., wh .. lever be rhe .. rt~ III whICh Ihe ~udt'nl~ .. ,e b.Kht'lors. Willing I~ nlll IIn(' III ,h.. m " Willlen. RepI'I11 <If Ih .. Deiln III rhe Scho·nl "f l .. w. ("Iumbl. UOIvelslly (lune 10. 1955) (1IIumb •• Untve,sIly BulI(,lln of Inlorm"ll()n. S51h Sell('). Nil 47 (Nrlv· ;U. 1955) P If 17 And Ihey \h"old .. l .... ,nlllg d""lsm.n~hlp '" Ihe !oCholll "I expelwnce eltdu~lvely I) cllslly In chents. II ,'I costly tllihe jlublic, .nd n ,'I clI ... ly III Ihe Iilwyel "IS lik .. I.... , · OInK )ulge,y by exp,,"ence - .1 .~ "oulblt'. bUI " ., wugh nn Ihe p .. llenl ilnd lough I)n .he .eput.Hon "f Ihe sUlgeon" 8e",dsley. 8ew •• t' Eschew .nd AVllld Pom • 1)lIUS Prn".lIy .. nd P1"lIIudlnou~ [pISlle5'.I&(.. ", S 8 I 65 (1941) I. " The glliden lult' IS Ih.I,hele .,e ollgllldt'o lult'5 " "0., nlll do unl ll II,ht'IS ilS y"u wo uld Ihe.,. shlluld dn UOlII y"u Ih .. " 1..... ('1 mil.,. nf)! be Ihe .... me .. Ik>rn.,d sn.w .

M.xlm) lu. Rt'vlltUlln", ... ~ ,. SIISWf'Il. LII .. "I 0, lohnsun (1 79 1)

11'.

We're in the live stock business.

Stephens Incorporated. Little Rock Investment Bankers.

216

Pine Bluff has alot of good thin~ going for it.

NBC's Trust DepartInent is one of them.

The largest trust department in South Arkansas didn't get that way without a little help. And a lot of that help has come from working with attorneys like the men being honored by The Arkansas Lawyer.

We congratulate and thank them and other attorneys who help make our work more professional.

National Bank of Commerce

PINE BLUFF. ARKANSAS

Member FDIC

AD M IRALTY JURISTIC TI 0 N IN OKLAHOMA: Exclusiveness and Change of Forum

loyal J. Roach Editor 's Comment: In lin e with Report of the Asso c iation 's new Maritime Law Com mittee (published elsewhere in this iss ue), we will carry articles on Admiralty partic ularly o f interest to Arkan sas lawyers. Mr. Roa c h could w ell have added " and In Arkansas" to the title o f his article. Th e article fir st appear ed in Th e Journal of the Ok lahoma Bar Asso c iation . We are in debted to Th e Journal and to Mr .

Roa c h for permiss ion to reprin t. He is associated with th e law firm of Crowe, Dun levy, Thweatt , Swinford, John son & Burdic k of Ok lahoma City, and is a member of the Committee on Admiralty of the Oklah o ma Bar Associa tion .

Th e purpose o f thi s articl e is tw o fo ld : (1) to rev iew and di sc u ss some ba sic prin ciples o f adm irall y juri sdic ti o n and th eir rela tio n to the new Ri ve r wat e rwa y in A rkan sa s Oklah o ma , and ( 2) to determin e the sco pe o f th e exclu sive ness of ad miralt y juri sd ic tion and so me consid erati o n s in choosing a forum , as betw een admiralt y, th e law side of the sam e federal dislrict co urt , an d state court , wh en admiralt y juri sdiction is not exclu sive.

As a ba sis for di sc u ss io n o f admiralty juri sdic ti o n and it s rel evan ce to the new Oklah o ma wat erw ay, and as a po int of referen ce fo r di sc u ss io n of exc lu sive n ess and c ho ice o f forum in ad miralt y matt er s, th e foll o wing h ypoth eti cal will b e u se d : A co lli sion in vo lving tw o vesse ls occ urs on th e w at erwa y at a po in t ju st below Tul sa' s Po ri o f Cat oosa and above w h ere the Ve rdi gri s Ri ve r ente rs the main chan nel. Th e co lli sio n is th e resull o f negl igen t navigat io n b y a resi dent of Ark an ... a'i w h o IS t he ow ner and pilot o f o rl(' o f th e craft. Th e own er of the ot hl'r c raft in vo lved is an O klahoma IJu .. l rl( 路 .... ma n wh o 'iee ks comf)ensation tflr datll.l g I路 10 hili vesse l. r IH' .iI)t)v(路 h ypot het ic al rai 'ie, three

primary iss ues: (1) Is admiralt y juri sdi ct io n in vo lve d , i.e. does th e co llisio n co n sti t ut e a maritim e to rt occ urring upo n wat ers w ithin admiralt y juri sdicl io n ? (2) If admiralt y juri sd ictio n does appl y, is it exclusive o r ma y so me ol h er co urt ent ertain I he actio n ? (3) If there is a choice o f fo rum , what facl ors w ill influence th e selec ti o n : Es tabli shi n g Admiralty Juri sdiction Be fo re a litigant is all owed a ch o ice of fo rum , it mu SI fir st be establi sh ed that hi s case is within th e admiral ty and maritim e juri sdi c ti o n of th e Un ited Stal es. Th e hyp o th e tic al pla ced th e colli sio n o n a porti o n of the water way whi ch wa s alm os t ent irely man made b y large sc al e exc avat io n and dredging o perat io n s.! Is t ha t po rt io n, al o ng w ith th e re mainder o f th e w ate rwa y, within admiralt y jurisdi cti o n ?

Th e present sta te o f th e law in th is co unt ry regarding " ad m iralt y wat ers" is o ft en st at ed as fo llows: ... th e admiralt y juri sdic tio n o f th e U ni te d Sl at es extend s 10 all wate rs, sal t o r fresh , w ilh o r wi th o u t tides, natural o r artifi cial, w hi ch are in fac l navi ga bl e in i nt er st at e o r foreign wat er co mmerce, wh et h er or n ot th e parti c ular bo dy o f wa te r is wh o ll y within a stat e, and wh et h er or not t h e occ urren ce or tran sac t io n t hat is I he subrec t ma tter of th e suit is c onfin ed to on e stat e. j In appl ying the ab ove-s tat ed lest o f na vigabilit y in int erst ate o r foreign co mm erce, it is c lea r thai th e Arkan sas Rive r wat erwa y sho uld b e regarded as a na vigabl e wat er o f th e Unit ed State s within admiralt y jurisd ic tion ," even at p oint s wh ere il is ent irely man -made.

Th e ba sic test fo r ad miralt y juri sdic lion in to rt is embodied wi thin th e wo rd " loc ality." That is, admiral ty to rt juri sdiclio n depend s o n w hether the parti c ular tort occ urred upo n na v iga ble w at ers within th e juri sd ic ti o n.S Th ere fo re, th e ques t ion o f wh et her th e h ypo! hel ical co ll isio n on t he Arkan sas Ri ve r w ate rway is a to ri w ithin ad -

218

miralty juri sdic tion mu st al so be an sw ered in th e affirmativ e. II sho uld be empha sized that juri sdictio n in tort does no t dep end upo n damage or in ju ry being cau se d b y a vessel;& nor is it essential that a to rt be co mmitted ab o ard a vesse J.7 l oc ati o n upon na vigable wa te rs ha s b een held co n Sisten tly, in th e ab sen ce of sta tu te, to be th e so le teSL/:!

Th e apparent ease in appl ying the localit y test in co lli sio n c ases, such as the Oklahoma h ypoth eti c al. lea ve s an impression that th e tes t is both simpl e and certain . Ac tuall y, th e localit y tes t ha s led to a number of probl em s. One probl em , whi ch wa s confr o nt ed in The Admiral Peoples9 and o th er similar cases, is ho w to determin e th e act ual loc ati o n o f th e to rt in vo lved . In tha t case a pa ssenger leaVing a ve sse l by wa y of a gangplank ext ending fr o m Ihe ship 10 Ih e d ock tripp ed , fell from the gangplank upo n th e doc k, and wa s injured . In ho lding the locati o n o f the to rt to be abo ard th e vesse l (and , therefo re, upon na vigable wa ter s even th o ugh injur y occ urred o n land) th e co urt said : " Th e ba sic fact in th e in stan t case is tha t th e gangplank w as a part o f th e vesse l .. . whil e the pa ssen ge r wa s o n th e gangplank sh e ha s not left th e vesse l. " IU Th e sam e ty pe of reaso ning ha s bee n u se d to apply ad miralt y juri sdic tio n in oth er ca ses wh ere the ac tual location of th e tort ha s been diffi c ult to est abli sh. II Thi s is co nsistent with th e Suprem e Co ur t's tradi tio n o f continual expan si on of ad m iral ty juri sdict ion in th e U nit ed Sl ates . u Anot h er pro bl em , whi ch ha s been so lve d by statu te, wa s the general rule I hat to rt s cau se d b y vesse ls an d res ul ting in damage to land, or an exte n sio n o f Ihe land (do cks, etc.). were not in admiralt y juri sdi ctio n . , j Th e pr obl em w as so lved by the Admiralt y Exten sio n Ac t whi ch provides: " Th e admiral ty and maritim e juri sd ic tion o f th e Unit ed Stat es shall exte nd to and in clude all cases of dama ge or injur y, to per <;o n or prolw rr y, c.1u <;e d b y a

vessel o n navigable water, notwithstanding that such damage o r in jury be do ne o r cons ummat ed o n land ."14 Altho ugh the anomaly has bee n removed by stat ut e, the problem of fixing the aClUal location of a to ri when applying th e general rule un doubtedly will con tinu e to arise.'> Ha ving once esta bli shed fhat a par ticular action is wi thin admiralty jurisdictio n,16 th e next step is to determine whether such juri sdic tion is excl usive or whether there wi ll be a cho ice of fo rum s availabl e.' 7 Exclusi ve ness and th e "Saving to Suitors" Clause The source o f jurisdiclion in ad miralty is the Co nsti tu lion of the United States. Article III , 搂 2, provides: "The judicia l power shall ex tend ... to all cases of admiralt y and maritime jurisdict ion ." 18 In the Jud iciary AC I of 1789 . Congr ess gran ted exclusive origina l jurisdiction in all civil ca uses of admiralty and maritime jurisdiCt ion to the U nit ed States di strict co urt s.

That grant of excl usive power in cluded a proviso " saving to suit ors, in all case , th e r igh t of a common law rem edy, where the co mm on law is co mpel ent 10 give il. "19 The Supreme Court in a series of cases defined the scope of the sav ing cla use as relat ed to the exc lu siveness of admiralty jurisdic ti o n. The effec t of these cases is thi s: th e saving to suitors cla use gives I he law co url s20 conc urren t jurisdiction with admiralty over actions in personam o r quasi in rem; admiralty has excl usive ju risdiction over proceedings in rem aga in st a ve ssel and state sta tu tes whi ch create maritime lien s on vessels, or which create other proceedings in slate co urt s providing for en forcemen t in rem aga in st vesse ls, are invalid . 21 Th e leading case interpreting the saving 10 suilo rs cla use and defining Ihe ex tenl of exc lu sive jurisdiction in adm iralt y is The M oses Taylo r.22 There th e plainliff br o ught an act ion in rem again st the vessel to forecl ose a lien created by stat e stat ut e fo r breach of a cant ract o f passenger carr iage. In denying the co urt s o f California jurisdict io n to foreclose such liens, the Supreme Court said : The act ion against the steamer by name, authorized by the Statute of California, is a proceeding in the nature and wi th the inci den ts o f a suil in adm iral ty. The distinguishing and charac teristic feature of such suit is thai the vessel or thing proceeded againsl is itself seized and impleaded as the de fendant , and is judged and sen tenced accor dingly. It is thi s dominion of th e suit in admiralty over the vesse l o r

thing it self which gives to the title , made under its dec rees , va lidit y againsl all Ihe world . By Ihe co m mon law process, wh et her of mesne allachment o r exec ution , property is reached o nly through a perso nal defendant , and then only to the extent o f his ti lle. 21 The co urt also defined Ih e scope o f the saving to suit o rs clause by stat ing that it is no t a remed y in the common la w co urt s w hich is saved , but rath er a co mmon law rem edy. Th e co url explain ed further that since a proceeding in rem is a civil law remed y and wa s no t afford ed by th e co mmon law , il does no t co me wi thin the saving clau se. The Supreme Court o ft en has reaffirmed it s v iew that in rem proceedings against vessels are exc lu 路 sively in admiralt y2" jurisdic t ion during the yea rs fo llow ing The Moses Taylor.

In Ro unds v. Cloverport Foundry &Machine CO.lS the co urt held that pro ceedi ngs agai nst a vesse l ow ner co upled with an cillary attac hment of hi s vessel to pr ovid e security for th e plaintiff's cla im are within the compe tency o f the sta le co urt s to entertain .

So are si milar actions quasi in rem against a no n-resi d ent defendant , wh er e alla c hm enl o f the ve sse l establi shes th e jurisdictio n of th e co urt as well as furnishes secu rity to the plainliff.26 Upon co mbin ing th e above prin ci pl es rega rding excl usiveness with th e va rio us remedies available 10 th e Oklahoma vessel owne r in t h e h ypot hetical co lli sion case , the followi ng conc lu sio ns may be drawn : (1) II is a we ll -sell led principle o f maritime law that a co lli sio n involving t wo vesse ls o r more o n navigable waters gives rise to a maritime lien whic h ma y be discharged b y an aclion in rem aga in st the vesse l itself.2 7 lf thi s r emedy is chosen , jurisdiction will be in admiralty exc lu sively. (2) Since the ow ner of t he Arkansas vesse l acte d as her pil o t and is wit hin O klahoma , an actio n againsT him ma y be initiated in perSUfldrn . If thi s becomes the cho sen cou rse of act ion , t he Ok laho ma suitor could seek relief for damages in state co urt. 28 He also co uld pro ceed in federal dist ric t cou rt o n th e law side if the amount of damages sa tisfi ed jurisdictional requirements si nce the r equisite diversity of cit izenship element is present .29 (3) A third approach would be to brin g the action in rem against the vesse l and in personam again st the owner in the alternative. If this approach is selected , because of the co unt in rem . jurisdiction wou ld be in adm iralt y exclusive ly]. (4) Finally, Ihe suilor mighl bring an act io n in personam against the Ark ansas owner and th en , through

219

anci ll ary proceedings , atta c h the vesse l and hold il 10 sal isfy any judgment rendered against th e o wn er in the main action. Here the actio n co uld be brought in stat e co urt o r on the law side of the federal dis tric t co url. 11 II wo uld be impractical to att empl this ancillary procedure in admiralty since th e maritime lien created as a result of the co llisio n would permit seiz ure (civil arrest) of the vesse l upo n filing a libel (co mplaint) co ntaining alterna tive co unt s in rem again st the vesse l and in perso nam against th e owner.

After co n si d ering the rem edies wh ich may be used and t he fo rums made availabl e in eac h instan ce, th e following fo ur co nsiderati o ns will be influential in c hOOSi ng a forum : (1) Actio ns in admirally co urt s are tried to a judge witho ut a jury;12 (2) even when jur i dic ti o n in admiralty is nol exclu sive, maritime law will be applied regardless of I he for um selecled;" (3) whether the subject mailer of the acti o n is best sui ted for a jury (e.g., a perso nal injury action may offer beller jury ma terial than a property damage suil);1<4 (4) whether the remedy selecled ca n sat isfy the amoun t o f the plaintiff' s c laim (e.g., suing th e vesse l in rem for a $50,000 claim when the vessel is o nl y va lued at $20,000, or suing an ow ner o nly in perso nam w hen he is pra c ti ca ll y in so lvent) .lS In the hypo th eti cal co llision case Ihe preferabl e c hoice would pro bably be to ask for relie f in admiralt y ex clusively by bringing the actio n in rem against t he vessel and in personam against th e ow ner in the alternative.

Since pr o pert y damage is t he ba sis of the action rath er than personal injury, the tim e sav ing of a summary proceeding in admiralty without a jury will probably o utweigh any advan tage a jury trial might o ffer in anot her forum .

In fa c t, the desirability of a particular forum will often dic tal e the remedy se lected .

Conclusi o n In review, il sho uld be remembered that before a choice of fo rum s is avai labl e as between admirall y, th e law side o f th e sa me federal distric t co urt , and sta te co urt , it must first be established that the case is within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction o f the United States. All portions of the new Arkansas Ri ver wat erway which mee t Ihe twin lests o f navigability in int erstat e o r foreign comme rce are within adm iralt y jurisd ictio n. Torts are conside red within admiralty jurisdiction which ar e loc at ed (occ ur) upon wat ers within the jurisdi ctio n, as are tor ts cau sed by vesse ls even though Co ntinued on page 220

ContInued from page 219

7)), 58 l. Ed. 1206 (1914).

Greal Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. v. Kierefewski , 26 1 U. S. . 79, 43 S. Ct. 418,67 LEd . 756 (192)); Grant Smi th · Porter Ship Co. v . Rohde, 257 U. S. 469, 42 S. Ct . 157, 66 LE d. 12 1 (1922): Allantic Trill nsport Co. v. Imbrovek, N. 5, s upr • .

I for the mOst part, st.t utes have had only a minimoll e f· fect o n the locality teSl . However, sla tutory consuuction hilS colused some ollterill tion by co urts in Spe<: iol l u ses.

One e .. mple is the lo nes ACI , 46 U.5.CA. 688 ( 1958), which hn been conSlrued in pe rsonill in jury ol Clion s brought under it by seillmen, to indude torts occ urring nhore w il hin ildmirillty jurisdiction when th e seilm~n is fo und to h~ ve suffered " per~onill injur y during the ( OUlse o f h is e mploym e n t." Anothel exa mple is Ih e e ffecI o f the Admirollty Jurisdi c tion Extension Act disc ussed in n . IJ, infr a. , Th e Admir~1 Peoples, 295 U. S. 649, 55 5. Ct. 885, 791. Ed .

16)3 (1935).

10 Ibid at 650,55 5. CI. at 886, 79 L- Ed. at 16)4.

"Mi nn ie v. Port Huron Termin ol l Co., 295 U. S. 647, 55 S. C1. 884, 79 L. Ed. 16)1 (1935); L'Hote v . Crowell, 54 f .2d 212 (5th G r., 19)1).

11 But see Nacirema Opela, ing Co. v . Johno;o n, 396 U. S. 212,90 S. Ct. ) 47, 24 L. Ed. 2d )7 1 (1969) ~nd Rodrique v. Aetna C~ s uillt y and Sur ety Co., 395 U. S. 352, 89 S. CI. t8 3S, 2) l. Ed. 2d 360 (1969)where the co urt ma y hilve milrked the beginning of the e nd of suc h eltp.1nsioo. . , The Plymouth, n. 4, supril: The use establ ished the ru le by denying ~dmir~ 1ty juri sd ictio n to owners of iI whilrf damaged by fire Oligin ill ting fro m a ship. ,. 46 U.S.CA. § 740 (1958).

IS See Weinstein v. tilsteln Airlines, Inc., 316 F.2d 758 (Jrd O r.. 19(3). " If the O klaho mill hypothetic al hild in volved a co n trilct fOI the urri~ge of goods instead o f a tort (coll isio n ). the plinciples involved wo uld be mu c h different. In .dmirillty jurisdiction problems involving con"ilcts, the key wo.d is not local ity but '"s ubject milu er" and thl:! cour ls w ill look to the maritime nil lUre of the contr.ct 'ilt her thiln where it is mild e or performed. Th e test WillS fi lst stil ted in New Englolnd Mutuill Ins. Co. v. Dunhillm, 78 U. S. 1, 20 t. [d. 90 (1870). For a brief ~urvey of con · lfilCt jurisdiction see al so: Detroit Trust Co. v . Barium S. S. Co., 293 U. S. 21 , 55 S. Ct. )1 , 79 l. Ed. 176 (1934); New 8edford Dry Dock Co. v. Purdy 258 U. S. 96, 42 S. CI. 243, 66 L [d. 482 (19221: The Frilnds McDonilld, 254 U. S. 242, 4 1 S. CI. 65, 65 l. Ed. 245 (1920): North Pac ific S. S. Co. v. Hilli 8ros. Co., 249 U. S. 119, )9 S. Ct . 221 , 6) t. Ed. 249 ( 191 9 ); People's Fe rry Co. v. Beers. 6 1 U. S. J9l. IS l. Ed. 961 ( 1857); G . Robinson, Hilndbook o f Ad mirilll1y taw i 19 (1939). .1 It sho ul d be noted ilt this poinl thil t even when ad· mirollty jurisdiction is not excl usive and iI c hoice of forums is olvailable, ~dm i ril lty a nd maritime la w w ill be ol pplied regilrdless of the fo rum selected. See n. )2, infril. " U. S. Const . iI" . III . S 2. The Co nstit ution does nOI iI, · te mpt to d efi ne Whill is meilnt by the phlase "ilil uses of adm irillt y il nd milli, ime jurisd ic tion;' nOf po int 10 a reild y re ference by which the boundilries of il dm il. hy jurisd ict ion can be determined. The co nstruction of th is phrilse hilS been left to the co urts, •, 1 Stat. 76, !i 9 (1789). The uving cloluse provision hillS been urried ovel in to 28 U.5.CA. 0)) (1966).

10 He re the lerm '"Iilw CO Ul ts" re fers 10 both state cour, s 7

they may be co nsummated o n land .

After jurisdiction in admiralty is

estab lished the que sti ons o f exclusive ne ss and cho ice of forum ari se. Ex-

c lusiveness is govern ed by th e "saving to suitors" clau se which allows in perso nam action s avai lable al commo n law to b e tried in an yo ne of th e three forums availabl e. Act io n s in rem must be tr ied excl u sively in admira lt y_ Choice of forum wi ll be influenced mainly by the fact that acti ons are tfied in admiralty before a judge w ilh out a jury in a summary proceeding. In addilion, marilime law will be applied regardl ess of th e forum se lected where juri sdicl ion in ad miralty is nof excl usive.

FOOTNOTES The te rm .. ,~w side," for purposes of this note, me~ns the fedelll district court servi ng in its regul~r c~p~city ~ s ~ co urt o f I~w or equity illS o pposed to serving in its speci~lized cillp~city illS ~n ~dmir~lty co urt.

1 OKLA HOMA PEP, Vol. V, MiII,ch, 1969, ~t 4 (published by the O kboh o mill In dustri~1 Develo pment ~nd P~rk Oep~rt· men tl· J Th is o ften q uo ted PolSs;;Jge, which is supported by the uses, olppe~r s in G . Gilmore and C BI~ck, The l ~w o f Admir~lt y, 29 (1957). The following uses support the Sl oltement : Ell P~rt e Boyer, 109 U.S. 632, 4 5. Ct . 434, 27l.

Ed. 1057 (18841; Th e Oillniel 8.11, 77 U. S. 557, 19 l. Ed .

999 (1870); The Hine v. Trevor, 71 U. S. 555, 18l. Ed. 451 (1867); The Pro pe ll e r Genessee Chief v. Filgzhllgh, 5) U. 5. 4)), 13 LEd. 1058 (18511.

The Arkilns.s Rive r WolS deemed nil vigillble, .1 le.st in p.n , before pl~ns for the prese nt walerw.y were even conceived. See 8rewer·ElIiot1 Oil & Gn Co. v. U. S., 260 U. S. 77, 4) 5. Ct. 60, 67 l. Ed. 140 (19221 .. nd Glln d Rive r O~m Authority v. Going, 29 F. Supp. J16 (19)91 where ;t was held and laler confi rmed th ~ t the ArkillnsilS River WolS • n~vigable wollerw.y of the Uniled Stolles fro m th e con nu e nce of the Gr.nd River.

S Th e Admir.1 Peoples, 295 U. S. 649, 5S S. Ct. 885, 79 l. Ed. 16)) (1935); Gr.nt Smith· Po rt er Ship Co. v. Rohde, 257 U. S. 469.4 2 S. Ct . 157, 66 l. Ed. )21 (192 2); Atl.ntic TI~n spo rt Co. v . Imbrovek, 2)4 U. S. 52, )4 5. Ct . 7)), 58 l. Ed. 1206 (19141; Ho ugh v. Western Transponill lion Co. (hereinolfter referred to n The Plymouth), 70 U. S. 20, 18 l. Ed. 125 (18661; G . Ro binso n, Holndbook o f Admirall y tillW. ! 9 · 11 (19)9).

• Alla ntic:: Tr.n5pOrt Co. v. lmb. ovclc, 2)4 U. S. 52. 34 5. Ct .

I

and the law side of fede •• 1 district co urts .

But see C. I. Hendr y Co. v. Moore, 318 U. S. 244,640.

VI. 499, 87 LEd . 663 (194) ) where stale COUlt WilS allo wed to ente nol in iIIn olctio n for forfeiture in rem which w~s lecogn ized trad it ionil il y olt com mon Iilw .

And , it sho uld be not ed ilt th is point tholt some stat e crea ted liens may be enforced in admirillty in re m: Burdine v. Willden, 91 f .2d 321 (5th Cif .. 19)7); lewis v.

Jones, 27 f2d 72 (4th Cif.. 1928). cen . denied 278 U. S. 634, 49 S. Ct . )2, 7) LEd . 551 ( 19281.

11 The Moses hylor , 7T U. S. 408, 18 LE d . )97 (1866).

11 I., 71 U. S. olt 430, 18 L Ed. at 401.

10 The Gl ide, 167 U. S. 606, 17 S. Ct . 930. 42 l. Ed. 296 (1897) (furnish ing supplies 10 iI vessel ): The Belfillst, 74 U. S. 624, 19 l. Ed. 266 1869) (breilch o f olff.eightmen t cont lilcll; The Hine v . Trevor, 71 U. S. 555, 18 l. Ed. 451 (1867) (collision) I I Rounds v. Cloverport fou ndry & Mac h ine Co . 237 U. 5 303, 35 S. Ct . 596, 59 L- Ed. 966 (1915 ). lto Leon v. G.lcer,1n, 78 U. S. 186. 20 l. Ed. 74 (1871); Tolylo. v . Crryl, 61 U. S. 58 l. 15 l. Ed. 1028 (1857).

11 The lohn G. Stevens, 1970 U. S. 114, lB S. Ct . 544, 421.

Ed. 969 (1896); The "nilces, 93 f . 240 (4th O r., 18'99). /I Rounds v. Cloverporl f o undry & Muhine Co., n. 25, supra. l'! Where jurisdiction in admir.l ty is in pE'rsona m and is nOI e xclu sive ~nd the "Silvings 10 suitors" cla use would allow iI proceeding in st ilt e co ur t, the ,1clion may illso be inSlit uted on thl:! law side o f the federal d istrict co urt.

However. in s uc h ColseS d ive rsity o f citizenshi p is req uired, iIS is th e requisite jurisdictional amoun t : Seas Shipping Co. v. Sieril cki, )28 U. S. 84, 66 S. Ct . 872, 90 L. Ed. 1099 (1946); Cil rli sle Pilc king Co. v. Solnd~nger, 259 U. S. 255. 42 5. Ct . 475, b6 l. Ed. 927 ( 1922); Kn app StOUt & Co. v McC~ffrey, 177 U. S. 638, 205. Ct. 824, 44 l. Ed .

92 1 (1900); l eon v. Gil lceriln, 78 U. S. 185. 20 LEd. 74 (187 1); Philoldelphia & R.R.Co. v . Berg. 27 4 f . 534 (3d Ci r., 1921), cert . denied , 257 U. S. 638, 42 S. Ct. SO, 66 LEd. 41 0 ( 192 1): G. Gilmore olnd C 81~ck. The l aw of Ad· mif~lty, 33 (1957). It ~hould be noted, however, thilt wh e n a person oll inj ury ilction is brought under the lones Act by a seam~n diversity of dtilen~ h ip and a set ~mo un t ~re not .equired si nce the ACI provide~ iI separilte bilsis for eSlol bhshing jurisdiction in the federill court~ . In ~dd ition. ilc tions unde l the ACI un o nl y be brought in per ~n ~m . See 46 U.S.CA.! 688 (1958).

It) See 28 U.5.C A. A.dm ifalty Rul es, Rule C ( I) (eff. lul y 1, 19661· II Rounds v. Cloverporl found ry & Millchtne Co., 2)7 U. S. )03, 35 S. Ct . S96. 59 t. Ed. 966 (19 15). tl The Molrga ret, 22 U. S. 42 1. 6 l. [d. 127 (1824); Th e Silrilh, 21 U.S. )91, 5 l. Ed. 644 (182)). See G. Gil mo . e and C 8luk, The law o f Admirillty (1957) gen e rilil y.

1I Morilgne v. StolteS Milri ne lines, ... U. S... " 90 S. Ct .

26 l. Ed. 2d ))9 (1970); K e.m ~rec v. Co mpolg nie Generille Trolns. tlil nt ique, )58 U. S. 625, 79 5. Ct . 40&. ) l. Ed . 2d SSO (1959); Pope & hlbol . lnc. v_ H.wn. 346 U 5. 406, 74 S. Ct. 202. 98 l. [d. 143 (19531; Gilrretf v .

Moore·McCormack Co., J 17 U. 5 239,63 S. O . 246, 87 L Ed. 239 (1942).

Jo See J. Cohn, Choice o n f orum on Millfilime Personoll In · jury Torts. 54 III. 8ar J.. 966 (19&6) .

IS See E. P. Deutsch, Deve lopmen t of the Theory of Admir~lty lur isdiction in the United St al es, J5 Tul ilne L Rev. 11 7 (1960 ). • II

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.Robertson & CO.

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InCorporated

iA;ttppy i;n1t~ttY!i ! ",~ar B~' qPltr Up!

(eND] Citizens NatiolUll Bank 0/ Jacksonville greeti ngs to the gentlemen of the Pulaski County Bar Association

â&#x20AC;˘

P.O. Box 39, Jacksonville , Ark . 72076, (501 ) 982-1551

Gerald Cathy. Ken Jones

STANDARD AB5TRACT & TITLE COMPANY 3 10 Spring, Little Rack, 372-1857 32nd & W. Pershing, North Little Rack, 758-0337

Star City, A rkansas

Gather nea r and Harken all ye Barristers and M en of Lett ers of th e Law .

NATIONAL ABSTRACT COMPANY ABST RAC TS _ TITLE INSU R ANCE ES C ROWS

I bear greetings tram these M en o f Goodwi ll.

Lois M. Howard, Owner

Let it be kn o wn th at at this end o f th e Year o f Our Lo rd 1971 they bear yo u Ho no r and Praise fo r yo ur se rvice to yo ur state and Lane.

Greetings to the Gentlem en of the Garland County Bar Association

209 Exchange St ., Hot Springs, Ark . 7190 1, (501) 623-1671

Let it furth er be kn own that w ith th e advent 01 the Year of O ur Lord 1972 they do bear a hearty desire fo r yo ur co ntinued acco mpli sh ment s, good fort un e and happi ness .

To thi s end they pl edge th eir Services and warm friend ship .

'i8i~I"

"Ot.tW .&.J... ~' Winston I. Sloan, Vice President & Trust Officer

So Be It.

FAYETTEVILLE, A RKA NSAS 72702

221

I19

TH

MID·YEAR MEETING· JANUARY 20·21, 1972

Richard A. Williams Chairman, Legal Educa tion Council

TH E LAWY ER'S BASIC CORPORATE PRACTICE MANUAL

The Arkansas Bar Assoc iation is pleased to ann o unce thai the midwinter meeting wil l aga in fea ture a topnotc h program which sho uld be o f interest 10 virt ually eve ry lawyer in the slate. The m ee ting wi ll be held o n Jan uary

The Manual i s the product of a joint e ndeavo r by the Section o f Corporation, Banking and Business Law of the American Bar Associ ati on and the AL I- ABA Joint Commi ttee on Continuing Legal Education.

A Panel o n Corpor ate Law Educati o nal P ro grams of t he Corporat e Laws Committee of the Secti o n handled the project . The Pane l, for which Richa rd E . Deer was Ch i ef Reporter , was comp ris ed of a gro uF of eminently q ualifi ed l awyers . They worked o n the development of the Manual ove r a period of four years.

20 and 21, 1972, al Ihe Ar linglon HOl el in Hoi Springs.

Th e program wi ll be ba se d upon Ihe All -ABA publica lion "The Lawyers Ba sic Corpo ra te Ma nu al" wh ich o ffers assistance to th e expe rienced corporate pra c tit ioners as well as to the lawyer wi th o ut mu ch co rporate practice expe rien ce . The manual wi ll be suppl eme nted by Arkan · sas lawyers on those areas whe re kn ow ledge of Arkansas law is necessa ry.

O utstanding speake rs from all across th e co untry, in· clu ding so me who we re the repo rte rs for the manua l, will speak at the midwinter meet in g. Also, Arkansas lawyers will spea k o n the Arkansas aspects of co rpo ra te practice . In additi o n, there will be an o ut standing soc ial program for lawyers and their wives . Th e re wi ll be two luncheo ns and a rece pt io n and dinn e r. At each of th ese function s, the Ba r wi ll be fortunate eno ugh to be ad· dressed by some of the most o utstanding men in the lega l pro fessio n.

Every lawyer in the slate should mark his ca le nd ar now and pl an to alle nd the me et ing.

The Manua l was s peci f ically prepared as as t ext and a t eachin g tool for use in continuing educati o n programs . The text is addressed primarily to the problems o f the small, closely h eld company incorporated under the Model Business Corporation Ac t.

It is in l oose -leaf format t o permit local supplementation.

The au thors indi cate wha t that supplementati o n might consist of .

Each chapter is followed by q u esti o n s to be answ ered under the laws of the state in hich the book is u sed.

The Manua l will be used as a reference too l in the 19th Mid-Year Meeting .

The Manual will have added Arkan sas a nnotatio n s p r epared under the auspices o f the Mid- Ye ar Mee tin g Commit t ee .

The Manual h a s a list price o f $30 . 00 , but will be available t o Mid- Year Meeting r egistrants at the reduced p r ice of $20.00 , to include local annotations .

John Selig, Chairman Mid· Year Meeting

222

I

I

HOTEL ARLINGTON, HOT SPRINGS, ARK. BASIC CORPORATE PRACTICE 9 :00 a.m.-5:00 p .m.

10 :00 a.m.

Th ursday. January 20 Reg istration Committee Meeti ngs

Nati onal Topic Speaker 9 :00· 10 :00 Accounting and Tax Elections.

S. L Greenberg 10 :Qt)·10 :50 Obta ining Capital .... Julian Meer

Mezzanine

NOON - LUNCHEON SESSION . . . . . . .

Conf erence Center Speaker : Nationally-known personage AFTERNOON SESSION . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . Crystal Ballroom National Loca l 2 :00·3 :00

Robert Holmes Will iam Sherman

10 :50· 11 :05 COFFEE BREAK

11 :05·11 :55 Responsi b ilities and Liabil iti es of . . lli r.ectors and Officers ... Myrl Scott J im Clark NOON LUNC HEON SESS ION .. .

Conference Center Speaker: Nationa ll y·known personage AFTERNOON SESS ION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Crystal Ballroom National Local Topic Speaker Speaker 2 :00·3 :00 Corporate Execut ive H. T. Larzel ere Compensation ... Stanley Simon 3 :00·3 :50 Acquiring o r Disposing W. P. Hamilton of a Business ... N. Jerrold Cohen

To pic Spea ker Speaker Is Incorporation Advisable?

Planning the Capitalization .. Richard Deer Glenn Jones

3 :00·3 : 15 3 : 15-4 :10

COFFEE BREAK The Articles of Incorporation The ByLaws . . . . . . . . . John T. Anderson John Sel ig 6 :00 p .m . RECEPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Conference Center 7 :00 p.m. DINNER SESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . Conference Center Speaker : Nationally-known personage

Friday . Ja nuary 21 Registra t ion

3 :50-4 :10 4: 10·5:00

Mezzanine 7 :30·9: 0 0 a.m. CON TI NE NTA L BR EAK FAST . . Conference Center Crystal Ball room MO RNING SESS ION . ..

8 :00 a.m.-l0:00 a.m .

l oca l Speaker

5:00 p. m .

COFFEE BR EAK

Specia l Problems of Closely Held Corporations ... Arnold Fisher

Joh n Johnson

ADJOUR NME NT

torneys and interested lawyers will run concurrently with the 19th Mid-Year Meeting. The two Seminars will join together for the meal sessions. It is anticipated that some 400 lawyers will be present for these tremendous programs . There wi ll be direct mailouts to the membership w ith registration forms for your convenien ce. MARK YOUR CALENDAR - January 20, 21. 1972.

I. Reg istration fee wi ll include (1) Thursday Luncheon : (2) Thursday Recepti on and Dinner: (3) Friday Continental Breakfast ; (4) Friday Lunc heon; (5) Coffee Breaks; and (6) the Seminar on Basic Corporale Practi c e. The reg istration fee will be only $35.00.

II . Standards Wo rkshop III for the Arkansas Judges. Prosecuti ng At-

A

Every time you have a Federal Law question, you need V.S.C.A.

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JURIS DICTUM

by C.R . Huie Executive Secretary, Judiciat Department

Judge Davis Dut y, Judge o f th e Mun ic ipal Co urt at Rogers, Arkan sas ha s experien ced substantial success with th e utilizatio n o f tee n age juries . At o ur reques t Judge D ut y prepared th e fo llo wing rep o rt o f his ac tivities ;n this mos l important area , and we are happy to ha ve Judg e Dul y as o ur gues t writ er fo r this iss u e o f Th e Arkan sas Law yer . His r ep o rt fo llo w s:

THE TEEN JURY A New Approach to Teenage Crime

By Davis Duty, Municipal Judge, Rogers, Arkansas Acro ss the nation , teenage crim e is on th e ri se. Th is increase is d ispro p o r. lio nal ely great er than th e numeri ca l growth of th e te enage po pulati o n . In Rogers, Arkansa s. h o w ever, th e trend has been reversed with an approxi mate 70 per cent dec rea se in yo uthful o ffen ses. Th e reaso n : thi s small N o rth w est Arkan sas c it y (po pulati o n 11 ,050) ha s inaugurated a Teen Jury to d eal with teenage o ffenders co nvic ted by th e loc al Munici pal Co url.

Th e cau ses behind teenage crim e ar e many and co mplex. Th ey range fro m th e bo redo m o f middle- and upper -cla ss society to th e press ures o f and eco n o m ic o v e rp o pulati o n deprivatio n, and include such element s as urban clau slro ph o bia and drug abu se. Bul , w hat eve r th e cau ses, it is indisputabl e thaI th e tradit ional puni shment s and de terrent s ha ve become ineffec tua l fo r th e yo unger generatio n .

Fo r o ur purpo ses here , w e ar e co n ce rned on ly with th ose lesser cr im es wh ic h are cla ssi fi ed as m isdemean o rs and o ver whi ch munic ipa l co url S ha ve juri sd ic ti o n, and fo r wh ich penalties ar e reSlriCled to lim ited fine and sh o rt term jail sent ences. Aside fro m th e ques tio n o f w heth er o r no t th ese penalt ies are appropriat e fo r th e mos l mi sd em ean o r s, in ac t ua l pra c t ice " Dad " in variabl y pa ys the fine, and seldo m are tee na gers jailed . In addi tio n , teena gers ar e in sulat ed again st th e stigma o f a crim inal record by stat e la w wh ich prohib its publi catio n of their nam es In co nn ect io n w ith th eir crim es. Thu s, as a result o f inappro pria te pun ishmen ts and imped iment s to .. ub Jec ting th em to the co n se quen U ' " o f th eir acts , you thful offenders h路(路1 contempt fo r au th or it y an d little (fl n U 'rn for the la w .

O'H' flf thl' mO'i t promi si ng ap -

proache s to thi s cr itic al gap in o ur judicio-legal system is the Tee n Jur y.

These prog ram s fun c tio n toda y in many co mmunities thr o ugh o ut th e nat ion, but mostl y in large ci t ies.

Rogers ma y well be th e fi rst small c it y of it s size to adopt this program ; and it is ce rtainl y th e fi rsl co mmun ity o f an y size in Arkan sas to do so .

At its ince ption in Rogers, it wa s n o t kn ow n wh ether th e Teen Jury w o uld be appro pria te o r effective in thi s c ompara t ive ly small , middl e-c la ss , lightl y indu str ial ized , dr y co mmunit y wh ere yo ut hful o ffen ses are u suall y limi te d to traffi c vio la tio n s. In th e metr o politan areas wh ere th e sys tem ha s previ o u sly been tri ed . it is o f great est valu e in dealin g wi th ant isoc ial , ghell o-o ri ent ed co nduct , su ch as ass ault s, v andali sm , brawling, e tc.

On th e oth er hand , it w o uld see m th at the time to strik e at o utlaw beha vior sho uld be be fo re it, and th e co ndi ti on s wh ich spawn it, d evelo p, no t afterward .

Upo n taking o ffi ce as MuniCipal Judge in January, 1971, I o ffered th e program to th e Rogers H igh Sch oo l stud ent s and guided th em in o rganiz ing th e Jury. The pro jec t wa s laun ched as a vo lun tee r, studen t-d o m inat ed prog ram . It is sch ool an d par en t ap proved , but no t sc hoo l o r par ent spo nso red o r co nt ro lled . Th e Jur y mee ts and fun ct io n s o uts ide o f sch ool hours on th e stud ent s' own tim e. Two o th er adult s and I serve as a pan el o f ad viso rs, fro m wh ich o ne member at tends eac h Jury sessio n , to ad v ise but not to d ic tat e.

Th e Jur y is o rga nized as fo llows: 1. A Jury pa nel co n sisting o f 15 members serving three-w eek term s staggered so th at fi ve new m embers co m e o n th e Jur y each w ee k and fi ve go off. Jurors ar e se lec ted b y lo t fro m a

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poo l mad e up o f all wh o vo lunt eer from th e so ph o m o re, juni o r and senio r cla sses.

2. A bailiff ch osen b y 101 fro m a separat e vo lunt eer pool. Th e bailiff presides at Jury sess io n s, ha s c u st ody o f th e offenders, pr esent s the cases, and ma intain s o rd er. Th e term of o ffice is five w eeks, overlapping o ne wee k wi th hi s pred ecessor from who m he learn s hi s dut ies and o ne w eek with his successo r wh o m he train s.

3. A c lerk , al so se lec ted b y lot from ano th er separa te , vo lunt eer pool. The term , too, is fo r five w ee ks, with an o verlapp ing w eek at eit her end fo r th e purpo se o f tra ining. In additi o n to hanu llng Ih ~ admrnl stratl ve det ails to r the Jur y, th e c lerk keep s a docket on each case and advi ses th e court as to it s di sp osi ti o n.

4. Ward ens, co n sisting each w ee k o f th e fi ve juro rs wh ose term s expired th e previ o u s wee k . A ward en is assigned by th e c lerk to each sub jec t wh o acce pts a Jur y penalt y. It is the w ard en 's dut y to supervi se and ev al uate th e subjec t 's perfo rm an ce and 10 rep o rt to th e Jury wh eth er o r no t it is sati sfa cto ry .

The Teen Jury is an ex tra -judiCial process n o t co nt emplat ed either by Co n stitution or stat ut e. It d epends upo n th e vo luntary parti cipatio n o f a sub st ant ial cross -se c t io n o f h igh sc h ool students and th e vo luntary submi ss io n to it s juri sd ic ti o n by ju ve nile o ffenders.

The system is simple. Th e mun ic ipal judge o ffers t he o pt io n o f appearing befo re th e T~e n Jury to eve ry high sc h oo l stud en t th ro ugh th e age o f 18 wh o pl ea d s guil t y o r is co nv icted . If th e o p tio n is accep ted , ac ce p tan c e o f th e pl ea or r ro no uncemen t of sen Ipn ce is sl ayed . Th l-' SUbjf'C t th en ar -

pears wilh his pa ren ts before th e lury.

The Jury meers one evening each week in th e municipal co urtroom . The proceedings are conducted entirely by the sludenl members, wilh Ihe bailiff presiding. Each case is presenl ed separalely, firsl wilh a reading o f ~ sta teme nt of facls , prepared by the mun icipal judge. Next th e subjeci is permilled 10 tell hi s sid e of th e story, nol as a de fe nse, si nce th e Jury co nsiders cases o n the basis of a va lid (onvielion , but for th e purpose of possibly mi tigat in g th e penalty. Pare nts are th en offered the o pportunit y 10 spea k, and Ihe jurors themselves may ask quest ions . Arte r eac h presenta ti on, the lury dev ises a penalt y appropriale to th e parti cular crime. If it is litl ering, the sub ject may be required 10 clean up a mile or two of roadside; if speed ing, perhap s to w rit e a theme of one tho usa nd words on the hazards of driving, includ ing the effeclS on in sura nce rates; if runnin g a SlO p sign, perhaps to draw a map o f that quadrant of th e citV in which th e in fracti on occ urred , sho wing all traffic control devices .

Afler the Jury agrees o n a penalty, the subjec t is offered th e op ti o n o f acce pting o r rejecting il. If rejec ted , he is remanded ba ck to th e municipal co url for sentencing. If accepted, a warden is appointed to oversee and judge Ihe performan ce of th e penalty. If his report is unfavorable, the sub ject is also remanded back to the co url. If favorable , th e co url is so advised and th e charges are officiall y dism isse d .

The Rogers experim ent is st ill too new to draw any definite co nclu sio ns, but there are alread y so me indica ti ons o f it s effec ti ve ness .

While, like th e rest o f th e natio n, th e teenage cr im e rat e has increased in Bent o n Co unt y as a who le, it has decrease d in Roge rs by approximately 70 per ce nt since the fir st o f th e year.

During th e ea rl y weeks in Jaunary, before th e Teen lur y go t under way, the re w ere numerous teenagers ap pearing at each session of the Munici pal Co url . Now there are seldom more than o ne or two teenagers per week before the co ur t. In fact , recently the Jury has had to meet o n alt erna te wee ks becau se of t he sho rtage of subjects.

Also of int erest is the fact that o f th e fifty or so stud ent s who have serv ed on th e Jury, o nly tw o have subsequently co mmitt ed offen ses leading to th eir appearance before t he Jury; and of th e mo re than six ty o ffenders w ho have appeared before the lury, onl y twO have repealed . Most revealing was the case of fo ur boys ch arged and co nvicted togeth er of the same offense. Two of them elec ted to go before th e Teen

lury and have nol been before the co urt again . The o th er two refu sed th e lury opti o n and bolh have been before Ihe court subsequenlly for new offenses .

When asked whether Ihe Teen lury has affecl ed Iheir personal thinking, th e stud ent s invariably express si ncere tr epidat io n at appearing befo re the lury and affirm that it has made th em ultra-co nsc io us o f th e law .

Th e Teen Jury is no t a cure-all for teenage crime. However, it is an effective instrumen t, which is o f parti c ular im porta nce si nce it co mes at a time wh en Ifaditional approaches to this problem are failing . But Ihe Teen lury is an instrument with a will of its own .

The adult community must be willing to coope rate but not dominate. The teenage rs must be i nspired to assume the offered rpsponsibility, which in turn must be broad enough and meaningful enough to make it worth their while. Finally, it presupposes a municipal judge wh o is willing to coo perat e and to d evo te a consi d erable amount of hi s own tim e.

Be nefit s o f the pr og ram inure equally to the subjec ts and to mem bers o f the lury. For the subjeclS the benefits are two-fold : first is the adva ntage o f keeping o ne's recor d clean and of avoi ding a fine or jail sentence; second , and of greater impa rlan ce, is

the redirect ing of th e subject 's atti tud es and behavio r into co nstru cting channels. Instead of being subjected to adult crit icism , which he may not res p ec t and which he ce rtainly resent s, he is co nfro nte d with the ce nsure o f his peer group, his fellow st udent s, wh ose opinions he re spec ts, and whose approbation he needs. He is thu s motivated to rethink and reshape his attitudes and responses.

On the o th er hand , the lury members benefit thr ough directly taking part in co mmunit y life . Rather than o nloo kers, th ey become responsible participants i n gov ernment and society. They thus acquire a slake in the " Establi shme nt. " The o b jec tive is to mo tivat e yo uth to d efend and par ticipate in society rather than attack and rebel agai nst il. That th e program is havi ng th e int ende d effect is dem o nstrated by one juror's com ment , when questioned abo ut hi s in sistence upo n severe penalties, that teenagers, th ei r motives and capac it y, are suspect by adulis, and that if th e Teen Jury is to succeed it mu st gain the respec i of th e aduli community, and thi s can o nly be do ne by selling it s standard s substantiall y higher than th ose whi ch the adults set for th em selves. How bell er co uld w e arm o ur yo uth for th eir journey into th e fright ening wo rld of the lale Twentieth Cent ury?

Judge Jerry Shell Elected President State Judicial Council of Arkansas

Chance llor and Probate ludge Terry Sh ell of l o nes b o ro was elected president of th e State Judic ial Council of Arkan sas al it s annual mee ting held recently at the Arlington Hotel in Hot Spr ings, Arkan sas. ludge Shell had pr eviously serve d as vice-president of the co uncil, which is co mposed o f all o f the upreme Cou rl , Circ uit, and Chancery and Probat e ludges of the

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Stat e. ludge Shell, a native of Franklin , Arkan sas, is married and has tw o children . He all ended th e l onesboro public sc hoo ls and is a graduate o f Ark ansas Sta te U niversi ty o f Jo nesboro and th e University of Arkansas law Sc hoo l in Fayetteville. He served as Sial e Representative fro m Craigh ead Count y in 1951 and as Prosec uring Attorney of the Second Jud icial Circuit for three te rm s, beginning in 1954 during which tim e he served a term as president of th e Prosecuting Attorneys Assoc iation . He was elec ted Chancery ludge of the Twelfth Charcery Circuit in 1960 and has served in that capacity si nce that time. He is a member of th e First Baptist Church of lonesboro and a mem ber o f many civic o rganizations .

The ludic ial Co unci l elec ted ludge Harrell Simpson o f Pocahontas as vice-president and Circuil Judge Tom Digby o f lillie Rock was appointed tr easurer. C. R. Huie, Exe c utive Secretary of the Judicia l Department also serves as secre tary of the Stalt!

Judicial Council.

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"The Challenge of Reform in the Administration of Criminal Justice" Senator John L. McClellan (Tex t of his address at the Arkansa s Judges ' and Prosec uting Atto rn eys' Wo rk sho p II o n Standards (or Cri mina l Justic e o n O ctober 8, 1971 . It is mos t unfo rtunat e that the side co mm entaries b y Senator M cClellan were no t reco rded . Following his challenging sp eec h, Se nato r M cClellan received a standing o vatio n .)

The Crime Spira l " M o re v icio us than ever " is th e titl e o f an ed itorial that app ea red la st w eek in a Wa shingt o n, D .C. , new spap er.

This articl e no ted that , na ti on all y, mur 路 der wa s up 10 per ce nt , fo rcible rap e 7 per c ent , armed ro bb ery 19 per ce n t, and aggravat ed ass ault 1 per ce nt in the fir st six months o f this year, as compar ed 10 Ih e fi rs l half of 1970.

On th e sam e day thi s edi to rial w as publi sh ed O Clo ber 3rd - Ihree atrociou s murders w ere co mmitt ed in the Wa shington , D.C., ar ea - tw o o f the vic tim s ha ving been rap ed before Ihey w ere kill ed . Th ese brula l fa cl s th o ro ughl y suppo rt th e edi to rial 's co n 路 clusio n that " Vi o lent crim e is getting wo rse," and th at " A c itizen is mo re likely 10 be murdered , raped , ro bbed or assault ed toda y than a year ago , o r tw o year s ago, or five years ago ."

Th e harsh impa rl o f Ihese appalling stat istic s seems to irrefutabl y co nfirm that our crim inal justi ce system is to ttering and failing 10 p rovide th e prot ecti o n and safet y to o ur c iti ze ns and societ y tha t it was designed to give.

We can no longer remai n c allo us o r indifferent to thi s startling realit y.

Rem ed ial ac ti o n o n all fro nt s to co rrect exi sting majo r defici encies in that sy stem is im perat ive. As distin guished judges, prose cutors, and prac ticing attorneys, you are fully aware o f thi s and th e duties in respect thereto that devo lve upon yo u b y rea so n o f the po si ti o ns of hono r and trust which yo u ho ld .

The alternat ives o pen to us are : (1) We ca n either go for ward by updating the law to elimina te th o se deficiencies and to improve th e admi ni strati o n of the system so as to meet the exigen cies of o ur age, o r ( 2) w e can stumbl e along with o u tmoded and inadequat e proc edures and machinery until th e slowl y grinding wheels o f justi ce reach

掳

such a d ec line as to p rodu ce no just ice at all.

Constr uc tive Effort Thi s exce ll ent Worksho p w hich yo u are co ndu c ting evi dences yo ur co m mitm en t to pur sue th e fir st o f th ose alt erna tives. Yo ur labo rs here are a manife stati o n o f po siti ve acti o n, and th ey are ind icati ve of your stro ng de t erminat ion to el im inat e th ose majo r fault s in o ur system whi ch toda y impede rath er tha n furth er th e cau se o f justic e. I am proud , indeed , of th e leader ship r o le that the Arkan sas Bar is taking in this cr ucial pr o blem o f judicial refo rm .

Under o ur fram ew o rk o f govern ment , th e primary re spo nsibilit y fo r keeping th e peac e and prote cting socie ty from criminal assau lts and im 路 pOSitio ns, res ts with sta te and loc al juri sdic tion s. Th e Co nstituti o n o f th e United Stal es recogni zes and th e Co ngress in t he exercise o f its legislative power s ac knowl edges that the respo nsibili ty (o r law enfo rce ment is esse ntiall y loc al th at it is ba sed upo n local initiative, generated by local en ergi es , and c ant ro lled by local o ffi ci al s. Th e Congress, in th e enact ment o f th e O mnibus Crim e Contro l and Safe Street s Ac t o f 1968 reaffirm ed its co nfid ence in the wi llingnes s and in the abili ty of lo cal jurisdic ti o ns to meet th ese law enfo rce m ent respo nsibiliti es.

Th us, th e to uchsto ne o f th e Fed eral Go vernm ent 's new and expanding rol e _ set o ul in th e Safe Stree ts Ac t o f 1968 - is nol int ended in an y way to usurp state pow ers, but ra l her 10 help the seve ra l st ate s and ho meto wn auth o rities 10 help th em se lves in mee ting to day's awe som e challenge o f crim e. Thi s ro le, the Federal Go vern ment c an pr o perl y pla y and , in doing so, pro vide th e mea sure o f assistan ce

228

that is urgen tly nee ded b y st ate an d local au tho rit ies .

W hen we co nsi d er tha t du rin g the pa st d eca de th e an n ual c ri me rale in thi s co untry w ent up 144 per ce nt and thaI during tha t sam e pe ri od vio lent crim es inc reased 160 pe r ce n t - 84 cr im es of v io lence are co m m itt ed every ho ur in Ameri ca , in cluding fo ur rapes and tw o murders we c an ha ve so me understan di ng of the SHain and burd ens tha t this rampan t law lessness places upo n sl ate and local gove rnm en ts. Th e diffic ul ties they face in appr ehending th e c rimina l, in safeguarding th e innoce n t, and in bea rin g the tremendo us co st that effec ti ve law enfo rce m ent impose s are rapi d ly beco ming in surm o un ta bl e and int o ler abl e.

To process m o re th an five m ill io n o ffenders, to try mo re than three m illio n criminal cases each ye ar, and 10 main tain thei r penal po pula tio n, state s an d loc al governm ent s mu st employ mo re than 660,000 persons eight per ce nt o f the tota l o f all sta te and local governm en t empl oyees, and th ey mu st spend m o re than five per ce nt o f th eir tol al revenues - som e $6.5 billio n.

LEAA

Th ese h eav y co mmitm e nt s o f mon ey and manpower in th e fight agai nst crim e ca nst it ul e a cripp ling drai n o n fin anc ial re so urces that o th erw ise co uld be used fo r such co nstru c ti ve pr ogram s as ho using, health , edu cati o n, and civi c improve ments.

To help th e stat es carry th is m o unting fi scal burd en , Co ngress has estab lished a program o f assistan ce. It is, as yo u kn ow , admini stered under the La w Enfo rce m ent Ass istan ce Adm inistrati o n (lE A A) . Durin g this yea r and th e next , mo re than $1 b ill io n 200 millio n in fede ral fund s w ill be expended to strength en th e local machinery o f

justice and to improve law enforcemen I in all 51ales of Ihe nalion.

Much of Ihis money will be used for Ihe developmenl of larger and beller trained local police units, for expanded police services, and for Ihe acqui silion 0\ improved equipmenl and modern facilities . Another po rrion o f LEAA 's budgel will be allocaled 10 Ih e revisio n of co urt procedures and the refo rm and modernization o f co rrectional inslit utions .

We are making substan tial progress in srrenghening la w enforcement with LEAA assistance, bUI we have yel far 10 go before we reach Ihe full pOlenlial of its benefits and achievements. II will probably be anolher Ihree 10 five years before Ihe full impaci of ils effec t iveness is reached - not unt it th en, can we make a co mprehensive and accurate assessm ent of ils worth .

While federal funds can be of immeasurable assistance in many areas o f law enfo rce menl , Ihe LEAA programs are nOI a panacea for all of Ihe ills Ihal besel our syslem of juslice.

Man y admi nist rati ve and legi sl ative actions are req uired by th e stat es and loca l jurisdiction s to strea mline and modernize the processes of litigation and adjudication . As ha s been truly said , " lu st ice delayed is justice denied ."

The congesled dockel in many jurisdiclions Ihroughoul Ihe land loday prevents the " speedy trial " guaranteed 10 Ihe accused by Ihe Consli lulion of Ihe Uniled Siaies . However, under Ihe co ndi tions of l aw l essness and defiance Ihal prevail in America lod ay, th e inability or fai lure to proc ure a " speedy tria l" produ ces a greater in just ice and inj ury to soc iety than it does to the acc used . The criminal often seeks postponement and benefits from delay. Whi le out o n bai l for a year, two years, o r more awaiting trial, th e habitual and hardened criminal usually co ntinues his nefariou s acti vi ties wit h profit to himself and furth er damage to society. This co nditio n has w ar ened co nsid erably in the last few years. State and loca l co urts are not alone in failing 10 meet the " speedy trial " guarantee of the Sixth Amend ment of the Constitution - federa l crimina l proceedings are now taking twic e as lo ng as th ey did juS! 10 ye ars ago .

In anot her area, I am incli ned to agree wi th Atto rn ey General Mitchell who declared in a rece nt addre ss that " ... th e Hydra of excess proced ura lisms . archai c fo rma lisms . pretrial malians, post -trial motions. appeals, postponements, con tinuan ces, (and) co llateral attacks,. . ca n ha ve the effeCI of dragging justice 10 death and stealing the very life o ut o f the law ."

He funher sa id Ihall oday " We face ... a si lual ion wh ere Ihe discovery of guill o r innocence as a (unction of th e co url s is in danger of drowning in a sea of legalisms."

The Challenge We must act to improve the situatio n in th e!Je areas befo re publi c co nfi den ce - which is so ba sic and so in dispensa bl e to an o rd ered soc iety erodes to a point beyond re pair. We must so mehow overco me th e ritualistic Nemesis whi ch today too often is interfering with and fr ustrating both the mea ns and the ends of justice. In this , regard, I am co nfident that the American Bar Associatio n sta nda rd s, which I undersland yo u are sludying at th ese wo rk sho ps, will pr ovide some guidance to a so lution of this problem .

I am proud to ack now ledge,' however, Ihal due 10 Ihe effo rl s and dedicalion of o ur co urt s and the coope ra t io n of th e Arka n sas Bar in pr o m oting speedier justice, thi s problem is not as acc ut e here in Arkan sas as il is elsewhere in the nation .

There is a great need for im provement in o ur penal i nstituti o ns. Not on ly are many new and modern stru ctures needed - st ru ct ures that will provide greater sec urity and more humane accommodations for the inma tes - b ut there is also a need for reforms that will place great er st ress on rehabi lit ation, using more effec¡ lively Ihe IDols of ed ucalion, psych iatry. and job training. However, w e know that th e ve ry best effo rt s 10 rehabilitat e crimin als are no t always successful. There are those 100 many - w ho have beco me co nfirmed criminals and mu st be so regard ed and treated .

A ccord ingly, Part E of the Omnibus Crime Cont ro l Act of 1970 authorizes federal assistance to stales to improve priso ns and jails and 10 eSl ablish programs o f rehabilitation , probation and parole. I ho pe Arkansas w ill lake full advantage o f thi s available assis tance. Ea rli er this year (lune 24th), w e were able 10 get from LEAA for Arka nsas mo re than $1 million 600 thousand for projects that come within thi s calegory.

Di~ectly relal ed to and associated wit h the pro bl em of rehabil itati on are th e suspensio ns of se nt ence, pr o ba ti on and parole. Abuses o f these powers are ent irely too numero us.

Greater ca re , ca ution , and regard for the safe ty of society must be exercised by those w ho have the authority to gran t such leniencies . There are simply loa many repeat ers of serio us cri mes roaming our stree ts - crimina ls who have prev iou sly been convicted of viol ent crim es .

229

Thi s co ndition grea tly increases the danger 10 o ur c it izens; il is a sc at hing reproach 10 Ihe qualily and credi bilil y of la w enforcement i n this co untry; and it presents a c hallenge to o ur integrity and to o ur wi ll to do somet hing aboul il. I believe we wi ll do something about it. I have hope; I am en co uraged; I do no l despair.

Ac ti o n Thro ugho ut th e natio n, co mplace ncy is giving way to co nce rn ; indifference is being replaced with invo lveme nt ; and inaction is being supplanted with initiative. This Workshop of yours and others like it, loget her with many ot her acti vities throughout the co untry, evidence these changes and signal th e co ming o f Significa nt improvement s.

On Ihe federal level, mu ch has been done in th e past three o r fo ur years ye ar s to co mbat crime and to st rengthen law enforce ment in o ur co untry.

Many good la ws have been pa ssed .

Am o ng th ose most promin ent, co m ¡ prehensive, and effec ti ve are: The Omnibus Crime Co nlrol and Safe Sireeis ACI of 1968, Ihe Omnibus Crim e Co nlrol ACI of 1970, and Ihe Organized Crim e Conlrol Acl of 1970.

These measures provide law enfo rce ment agencies with an ar senal of new weapons weapons that are now being employed mosl productiv ely. The great co ntributio ns th ese new laws can make and will make towards th e maintenance o f law and o rder are ju st beginning. Their use and vigoro us appli ca ti o n and enforce ment will ce rtain ly take a heavy toll among the rank s of profe ssio nal criminal s and the orga ni ze d crim e element s who are today preying on the American economy and o n the many innocent and helpless victims among o ur peopl e. â&#x20AC;˘

Once a mo n ey se ttl em ent ag ree-

menl is reached , Ih e plain l iff and his al/ o rney (exce pt in D ece m b er) u sua ll y want their m o ney as so o n as poss ibl e and tend to sign an ything wh ic h ac co mpani es th e c h ec k. If i t' s a p rin te d fo rm and has th e w o rd "s tand ard " an ywh ere o n it , signatur es ar e pra ct i-

call y guaranl eed.

On I he o lh er hand , I he defendan l's

Documentation of Settlements Robert S. Lindsey

atto rn ey is in c lin ed to in cl ud e as re leased eve ry p os sibl e re levant and irrelev ant mail er fro m th e begi nnin g o f th e w o rld to th e date o f exec ut io n ,

disc harge perso ns beyon d Ihe o ne making Ihe paymenl , an d Ih al yo ur

Ed ito r's n o te : The Arka n sas Bar Assoc iati o n 's Fall Legal In stitut e in

lill ie Roc k, Sepl ember 17, 18, 1971

Th i s morning we w ill limi t o ur se lv es to fo ur areas: (1 ) jo int to rt feaso rs; (2 ) spli t tin g a cause o f act io n ; ( 3) m ino r 's c laim s; an d (4) d eath cases . l oi nt To rlfeaso rs O ne start s w i th th e co mm o n la w rule tha t th e release o f on E' jo in t to rt h'.1'... o r re lea se s all . The th eo ry here is I h.t t Ilwf(,' i!O !Ou c h an esse l1lial un i ty o f lilt' Illlm it' ... cl ila t hf> fac t th at th e in Ilii t'd t ... t' lltttl t'a III b UI nne ... ali.;fac t io n

Ark an sas ad o p te d th e Uniform Con t ribu tio n Amo ng To rt feaso rs A ct, A rk.

If yo u are a pla inl iff, perhaps making

w a s pr o f ess i o na ll y and alle n dan ce wi se I h e m os t su cc e ss fu l se m in ar in recen t yea rs. De alin g wit h " Effe c t ive Pr eparati o n and Se ttl em ent Tec h niqu es i n Pe rso n al Inj u ry Cases," th e prese nta tio n s, es pec iall y th e text here p u bl ished , co nce rn ed pra ct ic al, bread -and -b u tter pro bl e m s of t h e A rk an sas prac ti ti o ner. As w as sta ted in the program , the speak ers stood at the ve ry ap ex o f t h e Bar. Of th e te n speak ers, o nl y Ro be rt S. li nd se y w as fro m A rkan sas. He i s a part n er in th e W righ t, Lind sey and Jen nings law fi r m and was recipi e nt o f Ihe Out sta ndin g Law ye r Awa rd o f t he Ar kan sas Bar Fo un datio n in 1969.

dealh .

Adm x., 201 Ar k. 292 , 144 S.w. 2d 29 (19 40) .

Thi rly ye ar s ago, by AC I 315 o f 1941 ,

a par tial set tleme nt , but In any eve n t, d esirin g to ret ain yo ur (ight to p rocee d agai n st o th e rs, you will want to be sure I hat t he re lease lan guage d oes not

demand , righl o r d ebl , as co nl ra sl ed

and d eli ve ry.

To get a final an d co mpl ete di scharge o f all cla im s, yo u mu st fir st kn ow and id enlify t he v ario u s right s o r causes o f act io n w hich exist o r ma y ex ist and w ho may be enti tled to asse rt eac h o ne. Simpl e exam pl es are (1) w he n a married p erso n rece ives bo di ly in juries, t he spo use ha s hi s o r he r o wn cau se o f ac t io n ; ( 2) in ju ri es to a min o r give ri se 10 a pare nt's o wn ca u se o f ac t io n in add i t io n to an y claim s of t h e m in o r; and (3 ) in d eath cases the in ju ry and dam age c laim s of the estat e are a se pa ra te an d di sti nc t cause o f act ion from th at fo r t h e

A cov en ant not 10 sue a tort feaso r did not operate as a re lea se o f at he r tO rlfeaso r s fro m lia bi li ty . Arkansas Powe r & Lig h t Company v . Lie be.

co m mo n law rul e d en yin g t"' e righ t of co ntribu tio n bet we en tortfeaso rs and pr ov id ed thai an in jured pe rson co uld re lease one jo int to rt fe aso r wi tho UI releasi ng ot h er torlfeaso rs.

wi th exting u ishm e nt by o pe ra tio n o f law .

O ur con ce rn will be o n ly w i th Arkan sas l aw an d w it h re lea ses in w rit ing. W e will , th erefo re, ass u me exec u ti o n , valu ab le co n sid e rati o n (n o t n ecess ar il y ad equate co n sid erat ion , Her m o n v. Harri so n , 201 Ar k. 988, 147

S.W . 2d 739 (1941); HU lc heso n v. Fr ilo l ay, Inc. , 3'15 f 2nd 818 (81h Cir. 1963))

ni ly and hol di ng harmless.

Si al. An n . Secs. 34-1001-3 4-1009 (Rep l. 1962), w h ich abando ned Ihe

and Ihen add indem nil y and ho ld har mle ss p rov iSio n s wh ic h em u late so m e rail ro ad 's sid etrack agreem e nt s.

Representing a pla in tiff, yo u d o no t w ant th e release d oc um en t s t o prej udice cla im s o r right s o f yo ur c lien t o r of any o t her s, ove r and beyo nd w hat is in ten ded an d paid fo r.

Fo r a d e fe nda n t , yo u wa n t an ass ur ance o f finalit y w i th res p ec t to th e in vo lved claim s and all p erso n s o r in te rest s entitled to assert o r par tic ipa te in an y c laim .

Ba sicall y, o f co ur se, a release is a co n t rac t and i s an act b y a pe rso n gi v in g up o r aban d o n in g a c laim ,

w as ex p ressly reserv ed ; and for indem -

righls aga in st o th e rs ar e st ill il1tacl , ex ce p t tha t there will b e a redu c ti on of all damages rec o ve rab le to th e ext e n t o f th e released l o r tfeaso r's pro ra ta sh are of the co mm o n liab il ity.

I u sually try to name my tori feaso r,

his em pl oyer, if any, and Ihen add

Unil ed Stale s, 239 F 2nd 701 , 705 (9

" and an yo n e in p r iv ity wit h t he m o r e ith er o f t he m." Released ar e all cl aim s an d ca u ses of act io n ari si ng o u t o f th e acci d en t o r occ u r re n ce , " in c lud ing cl aim s by an y ot h er tort feaso r , w ar ran to r o r anyone else lega ll y li abl e or res p o n si b le." Th e n I spe ll o u t t hat thi s is a part ial or pro rata re lease; t hat th e relea so r agrees to a reduct io n o f hi s damages 10 I h e ex ten t o f m y to rt feaso r's pr o rata share of th e co mm o n liabilit y; an d finally I ma ke specific refe ren ce to Act 315 o f 194路' , as ame n d ed , bein g the Un i fo rm Co n t r ibu tion A m o ng To rtfeaso rs Ac t.

If yo u represe n t th e pa rty pa y in g th e m o n ey and taking I he re lease and d esire to p rese rve yo ur righl 10 seek co n tr ibu tio n from ot he r l o rt fea so rs, be sur e th at all of the co m mo n li abi li ty i s d i sc harged and tha t any li abili ty of ot h er IO rlfeaso rs is extingu ished by yo ur relea se.

Embarrass ing m o m e n ts w ill come w h en , afl er obt ainin g a ve ry b road and all in c lu sive release an d deli ve rin g the mo ney, yo u sue an o th e r to rt feasor fo r co ntribu t ion and h is defense is t hat yo u did n OI d isc harge th e c o mm on

O r. 1957 )), reso rt w as h ad to covenants no t 10 sue. Fo r th e se t tle m e nt co n sid era tio n , a c lai m ant agreed tha t at n o tim e o r p lace wo uld he co m m ence o r prosec u te any ac t io n o r sui t agai nst th e nam ed to rt feaso r. In ad d it io n t he re m ight be rec ital s that th e cove n an i not to sue w as no l a relea se; tha t th e righ t to p rocee d again st others

ex tin gui sh hi s liab ili ty . Yo u p o in l o u t t hat re lease d we re " all o t he r p erso n s, firm s or cor po rat ion s whom soeve r," and that yo ur p ay m ent was ac kn owled ged 10 b e " in f ull sellie m ent and sati sfacl ion o f an y and all c lai m s gro w ing OUI of" the p artic ula r in jur y or d eath . Yo ur oppo n en t t h en c i te s so m e

as to mak e i t imposs ibl e fo r th e in jur ed pe rson to se ttl e wi t h o n e to rt feaso r w i t ho ut d isc harg in g th e o th ers.

Acc o rdi ngl y, i f an inj ured pe rso n ac ce pt ed pa y men t i f"! sat isfa c i io n fro m o n e w ro ngd oe r, he th e re by re lea sed all o th e r wro ngdoers. To get aro und t hi s " surviv ing relic o f th e Co kia n peri o d o f m et aph ys ics " (Frida y v .

230

lia bili ly. Specifi call y, Iha l yo u did nol

cases, including at least one from the Arka nsas Supreme Co urt , indicat ing or saying thai if a tori feasor is not specifj·

Ozan for $750.00 for Ihe damages 10 ilS Ir uck. The Supreme Co url said Ihal

cally named in such a release, he is nOI re leased and Ihe common liabilily has nol been eXli nguished . Smith v.

and Ihal Ihe plea of res judicala sho uld have been sUSIained.

In MOlars Insurance Corporal io n Y. Coker, 218 Ark . 653, 238 S.w. 2d 491 (151). Ihe co ll ision carri er paid ilS in sured for her damage; Ihe lady filed

Tipps Engineering & Supply Company, 231 Ark. 952 , 333 S.w. 2d 483 (1960); Allbrighl Brol hers, Contraclors Y. HullDobbs Com pan y, 209 F 2d 103 (61h Cir. 1953); Paclawski Y. Brislol Labo ralories, Inc. (Okla.) 425 P. 2d 452 (1967); Conlra, Morison Y. General MOlars Corporal io n, 428 F 2d 952 (51h Cir. 1970). Cerl. denied, 400 U.S. 904.

the fo rm er judgment was co ncl usive

suit fo r her per so nal injuries; and th ere was a se ttl ement and di smi ssal wit h prejudi ce . The co lli sion insurance ca rri er t hen sued t he d efendant alleging a pa yme nt to its in sured ,

subrogation and ass ignment. The res

judicala plea was upheld , I he Courl poinling OUI Ihal Ih ere wa s one lOr! and one ca use of aClion which had been exhaUSIed. See also Washinglon

Fire & Mafine Insurance Company

In man y in stan ces, th e intention is that th e sell ieme nt will not include

Ih e properly damage claim . Yo u will wanl 10 ha ve that affirmatively noted Conti nue d o n pa ge 232

II is a hazard ous area, proceed w ith caution and kn owledge.

Splilli ng A Cause of Ac lio n Generally, d amages arising from a single tort-a single wrongful or negli · gent act-must be assessed in one proceeding and cannot be made the subject of separa te suits . Th us, if a per· son ha s a single claim o r cause of ac · tion , he is not permilled to spl it up that ca use of action and maintain sue· cess ive suit s for different pa rt s.

In Hydrick Y . SI. Loui s, I.M .&S. Ry. Company, 118 Ark . 402 , 177 S.w. 5 (191 5) Ihe plainliff wa s injured while a passenger on t he defendan t's railroad and sued for hi s inj uries and damages.

By I he I ime of trial , he had been convicte d of second deg ree murder and was in th e process of se rving an eleven year se ntence. Before submit · l ing hi s ca use to the jur y, the plaintiff dismissed as to loss of time and diminished ea rning ca paci ty so that the o nl y elemen ts of dam ages subm it·

led relaled 10 pain and sufferi ng, medical attention and disfigurement.

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207 Pages

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Laler, afler he had been pardoned by th e governor, the plain tiff b ro ught suit to co ll ec t damages for his loss of lim e and diminished earning ca pa ci ty. Th e plea of res judicata was sustain ed, the Co urt pointing oul that the ca use o f action and the damages recovered were an ent irety, that the defendant had been guilt y of but one wrong and co uld be sub jected 10 but one action fo r tha t wrong by the same party.

A common sit uation is where an automobi le owner has bo th bodily in jury and property dam age c laim s and has co lli sio n in surance which pa ys him for all o r most of his property damage.

In Oza n lumber Co mpan y v. Tid ·

well , 213 Ark . 75 1, 212 S.w. 2d 349 (1948) Tidwell col lided wilh Ozan lumber Company's tru ck, sued Oz an for $25 ,000.00 for hi s pe rso na l injuries and obtai n e d a j u dgm e nt (or $15 ,000.00 whic h the Supreme Co urt

red uced 10 $4500.00. Tidw ell Ihen

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sued and obtained a judgment aga inst

23 1

Y.

Hamm ell, 237 Ark . 95 4, 377 S.w. 2d 811 (1964) .

Continued from page

231

in the release o r have a separate agreement 10 thai effect, becau se when th e co ll isio n in surance company co llides wilh or is upset by the res judicata roadbloc k, it will be afler your client for reimbursem enl.

This separate sell iemeni may pro perl y be made because the rule again st splilling a ca use o f action is primarily fo r the benefit of the defendant and fo unded on a principle that a perso n o ught n o t to be unnecessarily harassed by a multiplicity o f suits and that a " . . defendan t sho uld have to st and but o ne lawsuit growing o ut of

one person or Ihose holding Ihro ugh such a perso n." MOlo rs Insurance Company v. Co ker, supra, at p. 656.

A d efendant may, th erefo re , agree to a splilling o f th e cause o f action, or by hi' co nduct he may be fo und to have waived his right 10 insist on the rul e.

Many time s a defendant will be agreeable 10 splilling th e single cause of ac· lion . In th e aut o mo bile accident si tuati o n , a defendant may be wi ll ing to sell Ie the unliqu idated bodily in jur y claim and leave open a collis io n insuranc e co mpany's subrogation claim

which has a kn o wn ceiling and much less sex appeal.

Merchants

and Planten

-

II is no lo nger unco mm o n for Ihere

o ne lo rl when Ihe ca use of aclion is in

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232

10

be a splilling of a single cau se of ac-

lio n for perso nal injuries where w o rk · men's co mpensatio n is involved. As you know , und e r I h e Arkansas Statut es, an injured employee entitled to workmen's compensation benefit s may also pursue a thi rd part y in damages fo r the injury. In such cases th e employer may be enti tl ed 10 a fir st lien upon two·thirds of th e net pro· ceeds recovered after deducl ion of reaso nable cos t s o f co ll ect i o n .

Perhap s liabili ty is do ubtful and th e in ju ri es and damages are subslant fa!. The third party is willing to pay something but no t as much as would be in o rd er for th e injuries and damages if the liability were mo re ce rlain . Th e plain· tiff is co nce rn ed about endi ng up with nothing and is able to reach an agree'· men I o n a com prom ise figure. Th e com pen sa ti o n insuran ce compa ny, however, sees no reaso n to subsla nHally reduce ils claim ; it has paid o ul money which the plaintiff ha s retained ; and the la w clea rl y says that it is ent itled 10 it s money bac k as lo ng as th e plaintiff gets o ne- third of th e nel recovery .

This situation led 10 se ttl ement s whereby th e injured person sell/ed with th e third part y under an agree· ment which pr ovid ed that the co mpensation insurance company's right s were reserved and that the sett lem ent wo uld be without prejudice to Ihat com pan y. Fro m Ihe standpoint of the third party, this was fine strategy and good business. From the viewpoint of the co mpan y, which had paid compensation, it was immoral and sho uld be illegal.

The problem reached the Supreme Co urt in 51. Paul Fire & Marine Insur· ance Com pan y v. Wood , 242 Ark . 879, 416 S.W . 2d 322 (1 67). A tru ck driver was ho rrib ly and terribl y injured when a portion o f hi s tru ck ca me in cont act wit h a h igh vo ltage line o f Fir st Electric Cooperativ e Corporati on . After filing suit fo r 5500,000.00 the plaintiff and the Electric Co-op agreed to sett le for 578,000.00, p rovided the plaintiff wo uld no t ha ve 10 give any of the set tlement money 10 the compe nsation insurance company and , provided fur· ther, that hi s right to furth er work· men 's compensat ion benefits wo uld nol be prejudiced . The compensation insurance com pan y anticipa ted paying Oul approximately $50,000.00 and it and th e Co-op co uld not agree o n a sell lemen!. The sell lement document wit h re spect to th e 578,000.00 pro vided that the compe nsat ion com pany's right s would remain unim pai red and that the sell/ ement wo uld not prejudice the compensation com ·

pany's right to pursue tort claims against th e Electric Co-o p.

Th e Supreme Court recognized that there was only one cause o f act ion but sai d that the parties had spec ifically agreed to a splitting of th e cau se o f aclio n.

In most of these si tuati ons, the inlenl is thaI the plaintiff will nol have to reimburse the co mpensatio n insurance com pany for compe nsation

already received and also thai the plaintiff's right to co mpensation in the future will n ol be disturbed. Fo r the plaintiff, I suggest that yo u have an affirmat ive reci tati o n thaI all rights 10 workme n's co mpe nsa li o n benefits are

the minor' s personal cla im s. Such a

release adequately di sc harges the claim s of th e parent s but it is probably legally worthless with respec t to the claim s of th e minor. Th e indemnity and hold harmless provisions co uld be a deterrent to the subsequent prosecution of an action asserting the minor's c au se of aClion . Th ese release s are usually u sed where the injury is nOI serious and th e to rtfeaso r o r hi s insurance carrier is willing 10 take th.e calc ulated ri sks in exchange fo r exped · iency and economy.

The adoption of th e Probat e Code

to add guaranteed .

Also, be specific about reci ting that any and all right s of the empl oyer and

ha s, to some ex tent , c urtailed the u se of "fri endl y suit s." After agreement o n sett lement is reached , th ere is filed in circui t co urt a co mplaint in th e name of the minor b y a next friend and an answer fo r th e to rt feasor d efendant.

hi s insurance ca rri er under th e work -

Many lawyers draft th e judgment so

preserved and reserved . Yo u may want

men's co mpensat ion law , including th e subrogation and lien right s provided in See. 40 (Ark. Stal. Ann . See. 81-13 40 (Rep!.

1960) rem ain unimpaired and no t affected by th e

release and selliement.

Minor's Claims As already n o ted, the same tortious act may give ri se to tw o o r more se paral e and d is tin ct cau ses o f action, and th ai brings u s t o torts co mmill ed upon an in fant and a separat e ca u se o f ac· tion in th e parent.

The parent 's ca u se of action is for medical exp en ses and th e va lue o f th e minor's services and earnings during min o rity . AMI 22 12. A release is usually sufficie nt. This parent's claim ordinaril y adh eres to t he father but circumstances ma y shift it.

With respect to sell iing th e minor's ow n cla im s, fifteen years ago o n a simi lar program , AI Mitchell o b served that the sa fe m eth od was to wait until Ihe min o r reach ed hi s or her majorit y and then ta ke a release . Pan el on Set· Ilem eni Proce dures, 11 Ark. L. Rev. 54 (1956).

If the minor is a male who has reached hi s 18th birthda y o r a fe mal e w ho ha s reached her 16th birthda y, th e disabilities of mino r ity may be removed by th e c ircuit o r chance ry co urt in th e co unt y o f th e minor's res iden ce. Rem ova l o f disabilit ies c an be 10 transact business in general or for a particular o r speci fi ed purpose such as sell ling his claims , exec ul ing a release , receiving th e proceeds and suc h ot her acts as ma y b e reaso nabl y necessary o r useful to give full force and effec t to th e selliement. Ark . Sial.

Ann . Sec. 34-2001 (Repl. 1962).

Many pa ym ent s are mad e on th e basis of a par ent 's ind e mn i fying release whic h purports to release and discharge both th e r>arents ' c laims and

that it appears to be Ih e culmination

State life Insurance Company v. Holt , 186 Ark. 672, I.e. 682, 55 SW. 2d 788 (1932) . In the first ci ted case, a defen dant railway company had paid the amount of a judgment to th e plaintiff's lawyers who , after deducting their fee, paid the balance to th e minor's father and next friend . After becoming of

age, th e plaintiff brought an action against his father to get th e mo ney

pa id to the fa th er by the law firm and recovered

a

judgment

which

was

never co llec ted . Th e plaintiff th en su ed I he law firm for having wrongfully paid o ut hi s money and o btain ed a judgment which was affirmed. But th e probabilities of a minor lat er bringing an action co nt ending that his parent embezzled o r ot h erwi se mi sap pli ed small amounts are pretty rem ote.

Fu rther,

the

ex po sure should

be

li m ited to th e am o unt o f th e approved se ttl em ent and judgment , with credit

o f an ad ve rsary proceeding and a full

for any o f the proceeds actually used

sca le trial. My preference is to affirm· ati ve ly recite that a sell iem ent is in·

for the minor's b en efil. la st ly , sett leme nt s

volved, that the Co urt finds that the sell iemeni is in th e min o r's bes t in· terests, and thaI it is, th erefo re, ap· proved . Foll owing thi s co mes th e "i t is, therefore, co n sidered , o rd ered and

adjudged that th e plaintiff do have and recover o f and from the d efendant. " I always th en reci te sat isfa c ti o n of

record and ext inguishment of judgment liens so that th e judgm ent will not show up in some ab st rac t of titl e 10 haunt the defendant.

Does the circuit co urt ha ve jurisdic· ti o n? Mr. Adrian Williamson labeled it " inadvert ent dictim " (Pan el on Set· tl ement Pr oced ures, 11 Ark . l. Rev.

(1 956)) but

the Arkansas Supreme

Court has at least twice said that where a co urt has juri sdiClio n of th e subjeci mail er and the power to ren· der a final judgmen t upo n th e merits in a case before it , th ere is n ecessarily impli ed th e power to render judgm ent on a co mpro mi se agreement. M oss v.

Moose, 184 Ark. 798, 44 S.W . 2d 825 (1931); Union Central life Insurance

Com pan y v. Boggs, 188 Ark . 604, 66 SW . 2d 1077 (1 93 4) .

Depending upo n th e ci rc umstan ces and th e parlies involved, thi s pro· ce dure is limited to relati ve ly no n -s ubst antial am o unt s. Th e next (ri end of an infant ha s no auth o rit y to receive pa yment of a judgment rendered in fa vo r of the infan t. A next friend , even the father, is not authorized to collec t a minor's judgment and a d efen dan t takes a risk w henever he makes pa yment to th e nex t friend . Wood v. Clai-

bo rn e, 82 Ark . 514, 102 SW. 219 (1907); Th e Coca -Co ta Bottling Co m-

und e r

the

Probate Code.

By See. 62-2004 o f Arkansas Statutes (Supp. 1969), it is provi ded that the probate co urt shall have jurisdiction o ver t he p erso n s and es tates of mi no rs. Some lawyers are inclined towa rd th e view that in probate co urt ma y be th e o nly "safe " wa y to se ttle a mi no r' s cla im .

tn the Co de,. it is spec ifica lly spelled o u t that th e probate co un , if sa tis fied that it would b e for Ihe interest of the ward and his estat e, may make an or· der authorizing the se ttlem ent o f any c laim by th e mino r ari si ng o ul of to rI. Th is, o f co urse, is done by th e guardian 's petition for authorization to se t· tie, an o rd er authorizing settl ement and exec utio n o f a release , and a release from th e guardian . Ark . Stal.

Ann . See. 57-638(a) (Supp. 1969). A release by a guardian o f a tori claim wi t h a Ul prior aut h o ri za t io n lac k s va lidit y. Ark. Stat. Ann . Sec. 57-638( c )

(Supp. 1969).

O bjectio n s to this procedure are the bond requirem ent s, th e necessity for accountings, and o th er fo rmal requi sites . A 1967 amendment to th e Probat e Code permits dispensing with a bo nd where the ward 's est at e is all in cash and is d eposit ed in banks or sav ings and loan associat io n s whose deposit s are federally in sured . The bank o r associat io n accepting the deposit must agree not to permi t wi th· drawals excep t on a court o rd er. Ark .

Stat. Ann . Sec. 57-617 (Supp. 1969).

The commi ll ee which drafted the Probale Code recogn ized that a minor m ighl be enti tl ed 10 small amo unt s of money w hich cou ld legitimatPly 1)(> {'x -

pan y v. Davidson , 193 Ark . 825 , I.e.

831 , 102 SW. 2d 833 (19371: Missouri

233

Continued on page 23 4

pend ed for Ihe use and benefil of Ihe

minor during a short period of lime.

Th us, Sec. 57-620 provides fo r Ihe appointment , with or wi th out nOlice, of a temporary guardian for a period nol

to exceed 90 days. The appointment may be 10 perform particular acts and the court ca n specify the reports to be

mad e.

Of perhaps debalable va lidilY is Ihe use of Sec. 57-646 of Ark . Sial. Ann. providing thai where th e who le estate of a minor does not excee d the value of $1 ,000.00, Ihe probal e co url may, with or without the appointment of a guardian o r 'h e giving of a bon d , authoriz e th e payment o r delivery of all or pari of the minor's estat e to the minor o r to someone else.

The purpo se was to save expense in sma ll estates. Within the co ntemplation of the statute, is there an y estate to payor deliver 10 anyo ne until an unliquidated claim has been liqui dal ed ? Th e Pro bal e Code prov ides thai th e probat e judge can authorize a guardian to sen Ie o r " liquidale" a minor's to rI claim . Does it say o r impl y that the Co urt can authorize anyone else to do that ? The practicality and desireability of ha ving such a procedure availabl e are ev ident.

Dea th Cases In death cases, keep alwa ys in mind the different cau ses o f ac ti o n and who may appropriately assert each one.

In any death fro m injur y situatio n, th ere are two separa te cau ses of acl io n. Morgan v. Rankin 197 Ark . 119, 122 SW. 2d 555 (1938) . One is Ihe aclion fo r the damages which the in -

jured person co uld have recovered had he lived and fil ed suil. This is a claim o f the decedent 's estate; it is for the use and benefit of the estale; and il may be asserted, maintained and settled on ly by a perso nal represe ntative, either an admini strator o r executor.

Rec o verable elemen ts of damages include co nsc io us pain and suffering before death ; medical expenses; property damage; funeral ex pense s; lo ss of ea rnin gs pri o r to death ; and any ot hers w hich th e decedent co uld ha ve recove red bUI for hi s dealh . AMI 2215 (R evi sed) .

At common la w t here wa s no cause o f ac ti o n for death and any right of ac tion for death is a c reature of a statute of Ih e Iype o f Lord Campbel l's ACI .

Th e statut e creat es the ca use of ac tion and d el erm ines who ma y bring it , wh o may benefil and for whal , and whal th e statute o f lim itations is.

If there is a perso nal representative, that adm inistrato r or executor is the only o ne wh o may asse rt o r bring the aClion for dealh (Ark . Sial. Ann. Sec. 27907 (R epl. 1962) alth o ugh no pari of th e recove ry beco me s an asse t of th e dece dent 's es tat e or subject 10 hi s debl s. Ark . Sial. Ann . Sec. 27-908 (R epl. 1962). Anyone else joining as a plai ntiff is an improper part y, Reed v.

Blev in s, 222 Ark . 202 , 258 S.W . 2d 564 (19 53 ), cerl. den . 347 U .S. 937 (1954) ; So uthwestern Gas & Electric Company v. Godfrey, 178 Ark . 103, 10 SW . 2d 894 (1 928) .

Th e Arkansas stat ut e provides that if th ere is no perso nal representative, I he acl ion shall be br o ughl by I he " heirs al law of the deceased perso n."

half your case is a well-printed br ief ..

STATE AND FEDERAL BRIEFS Roy Craig, Owner/Manager THE LAWYER'S PRINTER

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234

Ark . Sial. Ann . Sec. 27-907 (Repl.

1962). Under an earlier slalul e il was held that " heirs" in thi s context in cluded Ihe wid ow (51. Lo uis Iron M o untain & Southern Ry. Co . v. Corman , 92 Ark . 102, 122 SW. 116 (1909), and further, that it was necessar y that all of Ihe heirs join . Reynolds v. N Ull , 217 Ark . 543, 230 S.W . 2d 949 (1950); Thomp son v. South ern Lumber Com pany, 113 Ark . 380, 168 SW. 1068 (1917).

In Ihe lighl of Founlain v. Chicago, R.I.&P . Ry. 243 Ark . 947, 422 SW. 2d 878 (1968) , il mighl be hazardous 10 und ertake to delineate ju st who would not be cons idered " heir s" in this envi ro nment and, therefore, necess ary partie s. Thi s on ly add s to the hazards inherent in se ttling a dealh action so lely by a release execuled b y Ihe heirs at law and thi s procedure should rarely be used .

No lo nger is dist ribu tion o f any recovery apportioned in acco rdance with the law o f d escen t and distri buti o n. The share o f each beneficiary is fixed by a judge o r, if requesled , by Ihe jury. Ark . Sial. Ann . Sec. 27-909 (Rep l. 1962) .

Mo st se ttlem ent s are concl uded by either a probate co urt o rd er o r a circuit cou rt judgment and much of what w e sa id wit h re spec t to co urt approval of senlem ent s of min o rs ' claim is ap plicable here.

Sec. 96 o f Ih e Pro bal e Code as amended in 1951 (Ark . Sial. Ann . Sec. 62-2403 (R epl. 1962)) speci fically pro vides fo r the pro bat e co url auth o rizing o r appr oving a com pro mi se selliement o f a wr o ngful deat h ac ti on . Arkansas ' Lord Campbell Act also recognizes the jurisdic tion of probate co url s to ap prove o r au thorize se ttlem ents of cla ims o r ca uses of aClion for wrongful dealh . Ark . Sial. Ann . Sec. 27-910 (Repl. 1962).

Som e, excellent lawyers ha ve lingering doubts abo ut circ uit co url 's ap proving seltlemenl s in dealh cases and require probat e co urt authorization .

We ha ve already noted tha i t he Arkansas Supreme Co urt ha s sa id t hat an y co urt which has juri sdicl io n of the subjec t matt er and can ent er final judgment o n th e merits ha s the power to re nder a judgment o n a co m promise agreement. Union Cen tral Life In surance Co mpan y v. Boggs, supra; Moss v. M oose, supra .

A sent ence in the Arkan sas wro ngful death st atut e begins-" The judge of th e co urt in wh ich the claim o r ca use of action for wro ngful death is tried or is submitt ed for approval of a compro mi se settl em ent , ." Ark . St at s.

Ann . Sec. 27 -909 (Repl. 1962).

I hope t hal includes circuit judges.

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1Jfa A.a.alzrtimr 1Ju Arkttu.au.a ARKANSAS WORKSHOP IlION STANDARDS FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE RE: I. Appellate Review of Sentences 2. Providing Defense Services 3. Probation 4. The Prosecution Function and The Defense Function S. Sentencing Alternatives and Procedures 6. Electronic Surveillance 7. The Judge's Role in Dealing With Trial Distruptions

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January 20,21, 1972 ARLINGTON HOTEL, HOT SPRINGS, ARKANSAS

Some of the product of Workshop I o n Speedy Trials has already been implemented into Arkansas procedure, and the A rkan sas Crimi nal Code Rev isio n Co mmissio n , at its October 22 m ee ting , t e ntativ e ly approved most of th e ABA Sta ndard s for the taking of Guilty Pleas. There is o ptimi sm among th ose involved in the revision project that an updated, e nlight en ed, more res ponsive crimina l process is j ust around th e co rn e r for Arkansas, and expe rt s and leaders in o ther slates are viewing o ur progress L... .,;,,;,....;.; with respec t.

In January we will co n cl ude th e ba sic study of th e new Standards at Workshop III. An application for LEA A funds is already in the mill and again we ca n look forward to th e great support of the Am eri ca n Bar Association.

We need a st r o ng " fourth quarter" fr o m all pra c tition ers, prosecutors and judges who have worked and studi ed o n this project. Le t's finish o ur groundw o rk for r eform with a progressive reso lve that will be h ea rd across the co untry.

Edwin R. Bethune, Chairman Standards for Administration o f Criminal Ju sti ce Committee

PHOTO Highlights

ARKANSAS STANDARDS WORKSHOP II "

A R LINGTON HOT EL HOT SPR INGS, A RK ANSAS October 7-8 , 1971

by Professor Rob ert Brockmann

John L. McClellan Senate of Delta Theta Phi Installed The l o hn l. McClellan senale of

liared as honorary members Governor

Della Thera Phi law Fraternity wa in-

Dale Bumpers, Co ngressman David Pryor, and EI Dorado allorney Jerry Wal kin s, General Co un sel for Murphy Oil Co rpo ral io n.

The even I was attended b y quit e a ga lh erin g of Della Th ela Phi 's who came from all pans of fhe siale and th e nation . Among th e alum n i pre sen t were United Slates Senato r Joh n McCle llan , Supreme Co url lU Slice John Foglem an , Siale Democratic Part y Chairman Joe Purcell , law Sc hoo l Dea n Ralph Barnharl , an d Pufask i Co unl y Bar Presidenl William Bowen. In addili on 10 Mr. Stan ley the

sta lled in the Arkansas Supr eme (o ur! room on Ma rch 13, 1971 . The new

senate consists o f stud ent s attending the lillie Rock Division of the Univer· sily of Arkansas Schoo l of law . Th e insla llatio n ce re mony was co ndu cted by

frate rn ity Vice-Chance ll o r Earl R. sianley of Washinglon , D .C. Officers of Ro bin so n Senate, the stud ent chapler at Fayelleville, perfo rm ed th e ini tiation of 'he e leven chari er members o f McClellan senale.

In a spec ial ce rem o ny which was widely p ubl ic iz ed the (ra/ernil y ini-

Isur. U,

TIl! AMAIISAS LAlfnI

401 DOKAGHIT 8tIlLDflfC , Lr'M'U:

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Fral ernil y was represe nl ed by nalior al o ffi cers l o hn E. Owens o f Chicaoo (MaSier In speclor). and I. B. Beaird of Oklahoma Cily (Associale IUSlice) . The five al umni senates in Ihe slate and Robinson Senale wer e also well represe nt ed.

Fo llowi ng th e ins/allation cere monies a banqu et was held at Paul 's lamplighter Res taurant in lillie Rock.

Well over a hundred people w ere presenl to hear Congressman Pryo r inlro duce Sena/or McClellan , the featured speaker and th e person in whose honor t he new senat e is nam ed. An additional ho nor was conferred on l ohn P. Woods of Fo ri sm ilh in recognit ion of no less than sixty years of faithful service as a member of Della Th ela Phi' D ella Th ela Phi has been servi ng Ihe legal professi o n for juSi a lillie lo nger Ihan lo hn P. Woods; il was fo unded in 1900. The fral ernil y has over 60,000 members in the United States and Puerlo Ri co, and over 150 chapl ers.

Ar kan sas has been the scene of increasing activity for Delta Theta Phi in recent mo nth s. Alumni senat es now ex ist in fi ve Arkansas cities: EI Dorado, FOri Smith , lillie Rock, Texarkana, and West Memphis. In addition a new alum ni senal e bei ng o rga nized to r Ihe Northwest Arkansas region . The stal e

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received . furth er recognitio n at Ihe frat ernity's national co nventio n thi s summ er as James E. Baine o f EI Dorado was elecled Marshall.

M cC lellan Senal e is Ihe firsl chapler of Della Th ela Phi al Ihe Universily o f Arkan sas School of Lawai Lillie Rock , all hough Ih ere wa s an Epsilon Chapl er at Ih e o ld Ark ansas l aw Sc hoo l in lil lie Roc k. Th e Ep silo n Chapt er wa s chartered in 1909 and w as acl ive prio r 10 Ihe eSlabl is jm enl o f Ihe University's law sc hoo l in Fayell ev ille in th e 1920's.

Th e chapl er at Fa ye tt ev ille, in ciden tall y, wa s also nam ed in ho no r o f an Arkan sas stat es man wh o gain ed natio nal pr o min ence: Unit ed Slat es Sena to r Joe T. Ro bin son . â&#x20AC;˘

LAW DA Y M AY 1, 1971 If yo u ha ve an y ideas abo ut what o ur Bar As soc iation should do across th e Slat e to co mm emorate law Da y, pl ease co ntact our Chairman , Jay W. Dickey, Jr., P. O . Box 603B, Pine Bluff, Arkan sas, or any of the co mmill ee members in your area .

Robin son Senate Tribune Claude Lyn c h extends the hand of lellowship to the new initiat es as Congressman David Pryor, Stat e D emoc ratic Party Chairman Joe Pur cell, Senato r Jo hn L. M c Clellan , Murphy O il General Coun sel Jerry Watkins , Governor Dale Bump ers, and Delta Theta Phi Regional Coo rdina tor J. E. Beaird, Jr. (2nd ro w L to R) loo k on .

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We salute the Attorneys of our Jefferson County Bar Associa tion " I do solumnly swear: I will support the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of Arkansas ; I will maintain the respect due to Courts of Justice and judicial officers ; I will not counselor maintain any suit or proceeding which shall appear to me to be unjust, nor any defense except such as I believe to be honestly debatable under the law of the land.

I will employ for the purpose of maintaining the causes confided to me such means only as are consistent with truth and honor; and will never seek to mislead the judge or jury by any artifice or false statement of fact or law; I will maintain the confidence and preserve inviolate the secrets of my client, and will accept no compensation in connection with his business except from him or with his knowledge and approval ; I will abstain from all offensive personality, and advance no fact prejudicial to the honor or reputation of a party or witness, unless required by the justice of the cause with wh ich I am charged ; I will never reject, for any consideration personal to myself, the cause of the defenseless or oppressed , or delay any man's cause for lucre or malice. So help me God."

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In Memoriam Howard H. Abercrombie Howard H Abercrombie (19221971) dIed in Dalla., Texa. on luly 16, 1971, survived by hi. wife, a son (Leroy). and a daughler (Gail).

Mr

Sllndlrds Workshop III Ian uor y 20. 2·1. 1972 Art inglon Holel Hot Springs. Arkan sas

191h MID -YEAR MEETING lanua ry 20. 21, 1972 Arlin glon Holel HOi prings. Arkansas

lllh OIL & GAS INSTITUTE April 13-14. 1972

and

Ihe

rel urned

10

Arkansas

and

ludll" Iohn L Hugh". ludge lohn L. Hughes of Benl o n died nn AuguS! 4, 1971, II Ihe age

received hiS law degree al the

of 78 year'i . He was born

Unlversily of Arkansas. and was a member of Ihe Arkansas Bar AS'OCldlion Mr Abercrombie was active in Ihe Masonic fralernily

Ion . and gradualed from Ihe High School Ihere, and Ihen grldualed

and Ihe MelhodiSl Church. AI Ihe lime of his d ealh , he was employed al Ihe Sun Oil Company.

William J. Clar.

Wilham I Clark of Conway died on SeJllember, 1971, al Ihe age of

In

Ben-

from what is now Henderson Siale College al Arkad elphia , Arkansas. He received hiS law Degree from Washington and lee Umverslly In Virginia, and relur ned to Arkansas and practiced in Benton at all times thereafter. He served as MuniCipal ludge of BenIon at vanou'i times from 1950 to

1968. Also ludge Hughes was a

MajestIC HOlel HOi Springs. Arkansas

79 years. H(* was born in Quitman , Arkansas. and was a member o f I he farsl gradual ing class of

741h ANNUAL MEETING May 31. lune 1-3. 1972

whal is now Slale College of

member of Ihe MelhodlSl Church .

Arkansas at Conway. He was admilled 10 the Bar in 1914. and co ntinued In the practice until his dealh; and was a member of the Faulkner County and also the Arkansas Bar Association . Mr. Clark was a marine in World War I. He wa~ an active m ember of the

being a grand son of Rev . Horace Je well , a pioneer Methodist p reacher in Arkansas . ludge Hughes immedia te family consists of his daughter. Mrs. Caroline Davenport of Flurida. and his IWO sislers, Mrs . Mae Hart of BenlOn,

Arlinglon HOl el Hot Springs. Arkansas

l

Frale rnily

Melhodisl Church. He is survived by hi. son (W. M. Clark), four bro.hers, Ihree sislers, and (our grandchIldren .

Abercrombie was born in

Prairie Grove, Arkansas. He was a veleran of W.W. II . Ailer Ihe war, he

MasoniC

FALL LEG AL INSTITUTE Se plembe r 22 -23. 1972 Sheraton M oto r Inn lillIe Ro ck, Arkansas

241

Past Dist rict Governor of Rotary Inlernallonal , He was a life long

and Mrs. lewel Bell of Lill Ie Rock.

mitteeJlote~

FROM: The Maritime law Committee TO:

The M embers of the Arkansas Bar:

W ith the d eve lo pm ent of the Ar kan sas Riv er, t he pr ob lem s o f admi ralt y law are now the legal profession in Arkansas .

It is safe to say that this field of th e law is completely new 10 ninety per ce nt o f th e members of the Bar. It is sa fe to say t ha t future legal problems which involve the law of ad miralty wi ll no doubt arise in Arkansas fro m the ope ra tio n of pleasure boats and fishing b oats on the Ar kansas River. Th ese boats wi ll be far more num e ro u s than the barges and towboats which will constit ut e the great bulk of the com m erc ial traffic o n th e ri ve r. Howeve r it ha s be en d ec ided that a p leas ure b oat is withi n the juri sdict ion o f admira lty , if being op erat ed o n navigable waters even though the boat is no t engaged in co mm erce, and even th oug h the boat runs on ly from sh o re 10 shore and ope rat es entirely within a single state.

In a recent Arkansas law Review article entitled Admiralty in the Ozarks, 23 Ark . law Review 96, t he aut hor slates : " The p resent stat e of admiralty law with regard to the problem of pleasure craft liability for maritime torts o n inland waters ha s res ult ed in a co nfu sed and fragm ented b ody o f decisions ."

This is also true of th e gre,,!t body of admi ralty law, whose procedures are different , who se practice and plead ing s va ry substantia ll y from ordinar y legal proceed ings in both Fed eral and Stale Co url S, and much must be lea rn ed by the members of th e Arkansas Bar before th ey undertake to han d le an admi ralty case .

Do yo u know the answer to the following questions?

(1) Does . admiralty have excl usive, o r co ncurrent jurisdiction with other co urt s co ncern ing maritime affairs?

(2) Do admi ralty co url s en fo rce co mm o n law remedies?

(3) Are there any sp eci al ru les o f ve nue in admiralty c ases th at differ from those in ord inar y cases in f ed eral Cour t?

(4l Are admiralt y pleadi ngs th e sam e

as ot her pleadings in fed eral District Courts?

(5) Are appea l procedures th e same?

(6) Can courlS of admiralty grant injunctions o r can they grant specific performance?

(7) Ca n co urt s of admira lty en force contracts?

(8) Are sui ts in co ntrac t a tort arising o ut of activities relating to boat docks, boa1 ramp s, wharfs or boat landings within the jurisdiction of admiralty?

(9) Can admi ral1 y enforce the provi sions of a maritime insu ran ce co n tract?

(10) Is th ere a jury trial in admiralty?

Is ther e such a thing as l imitat io n of liability in admiralt y cases?

(11) Wha' bodies of water in Arkan sas have b een declared navigable and wi thin the jurisdiclion of admi ra lty?

The above questions on ly repre se nt a few of th e problems which mu st b e answered, if you become in vo lved in litigallon having to do with maritime activity. Th e Maritime Commitlee suggests that if you wi ll take the time to

resea rch and answer th e above que sti ons. you will be greally sur prised al t he res ult s.

Accordingly th e Co mmitl ee fee ls thai ils best (unction would be to present to the Arkansas Bar a se ri es of articles over the next year dealing with the partic ular problems of admirally in o rder to acq uaint the members of t h e Bar with th e p ec uliar problems of this

practice.

We must issue a word of warning .

The Code o f Professional Ethics requi res thai an allorney m ust n OI ac-

cept a case un less he is acquainted with ils lega l implications and failure to do so co uld result in professional liabilit y. Therefore we urge the members of the Bar [0 fi nd lim e 10 acquaint themse lves w i th this n ew, difficult and inleresli ng field of Ihe law .

THE MARITIME lAW COMMITTEE Edward E. Bedwell, Chairman William A. Schulze Richard Crocket t Leslie Evitts Kenne th Bairn Robert Hays William s

Mr. Arkansas Attorney meet

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242

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE NOTES

by Robert D, Ross, Secrerary- Treasurer

i

The ExecUlive Commillee mer on Th ur sday aflernoon, Seplember 16, 197 1, on the eve of the legal In o:;t il ute in little Rock .

Oo:;car Fendler , who had prev io u sly been aUlhori ze d to mak e applica tion for appro ve I of a pilo t lu dicare tY fw p rogr am for Arkano:;a<i and for (unde; 10 support <i uch a rH Ulcct , requ ested Ihal mernbers of Ih e Execullve Co mmltt ep lOin wllh attor ney' from Northweo;,t Arkansao;, In formmg a pri vate non profit cor porall o n If) be Ih e e n tity tf) makp .. uc h appl ICation 10 the GEO. II Ie; anllclratt'd t ha t Northwest Arkan "a.. would 1)(' th e ar ea m whICh th e pilo t program wo uld b e In .. ll t uled If th e ap pli ca tion and fund o:; are aprroved. The artic lr· ... of Incorroralion have bee n prf 'parr' d and nwmber .. of t he Exec u IIV(' COIl1Il1 IIII-'C' ann law ye r .. of Ilw C,e b.1 "lI an CIJ un ty and vVao:;htngton Co un ty Bar ... a ... kl'd to "'gn a, incor poralor" riling flf Ihf' anicl ee; 1<; expE-'c 1('(1 m I lw ncar fulure Bru ct:' Bu llio n , Chairman of tht· A .. ... fJ( rallon ''i A lil o m o bil e In, uranc(' CIHnml tl {'(' , rt:'prlrlt:.' d to t he Exec ut lv(' Commlt!!·(· " uggt:''ill ng the <ico pe of hlO:; CIJl1l1lll lt l'('" 3ctlvllle<i for th e year Til(' (xl'CU I IVl' CO l11mllt ee harged Mr. Bul1tnn\ Cfllllmillee to becom e infor nw el 111 all arpa, of liability in<iurancc" and 10 111al-.(· II 'CO ll1l11pndallon o:; 10 rhf' [ XPC Ull V(' Cf) n1mlt lc(' in t h e fie ld . Thi<i would H1 Cl ud(' all l hf' various for m 'l of "'o -col lIl'd IHI -faul l lI1'1 u ran cp program s and an y <l11('rna l ivl''I . rhC' Automobile In.., ulclnC(' Cf)mrnitlct' I.., com p ri <ied of M r. l3utllon , lJale Prl ct' , vV illi am A .

Eldredge, loe Woo d ward , J. l. Shaver, G. David Walker , and Ed Sial en .

The Ar kan'ias Hu man Reso urces Council, In c., req ue"led Ih e ExecUlive Commil tee to endorse to il s local uni t'i th e effort'i of Mino rily Enler prl o:;ee; Small Bu sine'i'i Invee;t men I S Corpora l lon and to <io itCII from I hem a CO l11ml t nu.' n l for volun l ary legal assistan cp In p<ilablic;hlng mi n ority enler rri<ip Once the en te rpri se was eSlabIt'ihpd il wo uld o;elect and co mpen sale II .. o wn legal co unse l. Th e MESB IC is a program anl11lnl sle red by the Small BU \I IWo;, Adrnlnl<il ra tlon and io; gover ned t'<i<ienliall y by Ihe same rules and regula lio n o; . Clalbourn e W . Pal ty , Ir. wao; appotnl en b y Pre"iden l Pa u l B. Young to Ilwl'o;rrga te rh i<i requ e<il and makp r('co mmen d at io n " . M r. Patly rec ommend ed If) I he Ex ec u l ive Commlllp(' t ha t it give a favora b le en d o r"en1(:'n l flf aCl ivilie'i of MESBIC 10 t he OH.'I11/)('r .. IlI l1 of Ih(~ Arkan "i a "i Bar A .... oclallon and I hal II 'iponsor a pro IPCI Ihr u the Legal Aid Commitlee 10 CO l11lul(' 3 geographi cal list of allOr ney .. who are willing 10 render fr ee legal "ervic e to ME SBI C. Specific r«-"qup .. l" from MESB IC for legal ac;sis lano' would t hen be c hanneled through t lw Lpgal Alrl Committee. The [Xt'CUIIVP CO l11mit te(' ad opled M r.

Pa ll y'.. r('cll mnwnda l ion o; and I he Arkan<ia, Human Re <iource<i Council, Inc. ha .. bl'en <in advi<icd .

1 1w Committee on refl ue", of lohn li le, Chai rm an o f th e Yo un g lawyer s Section, authorized Ihat Sectio n III :'P()I' .. fH a <i hnrl <ie minar follow ing t h l'

243

Mid -vVi n ter Meeti ng o f the Asso c iatio n in Ho t Springs an d ag reed 10 su b'iid ize th e se m inar in an amo u nt nol 10 excee d $300.00.

Th e m em b ersh ip of the Assoc iat io n as of Seplember I S, 1971, w as re p o rre d ao:; 1109 as corn pared 10 '1282 o n se r le mber 18, 1970, and 1499 al Ihe end o( '1970-71 Assoc iali o n year.

The Ex ec u tive Commtltee will meel in HoI Springs on Novem b er "11 , 1971, in co nj u n cl ion wilh the Tax In<il i tute .

BLACK BEAUTY corporate outfit

No. 70 BLACK BEA UTY $23 .

WITH 50 BUNK SHEETS fOR N INUTES • B'fLA WS NO• • 0 WITH 'RI HTED NI NUTES • llYLAWS SUO.50

Outfit. conl. in, 20 CERTIFICATES - I'OCKET SEAL - TRANSFER SHEETS M INUTE B OOK -M INUTES . 8VLAWS - SLI,.CA SE

P"ta • • 1W.llai d it rem ittance i ... nt with ord.r Gin Corp. N .mt, Slt lt, 'inr oll ncorp .• No . 01 $h. rts V.lueif . ny •••..•.•• .. .•. C.p h.1 $Io.:k $ ....... _

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FOR VALUE AND SERVICE

CRIMINAL RULES

LA WYERS' MART

A 1971 desk ·copy edi.ion of . he

ann o un ced

20 cents per word each insertton$3.00 minimum

PATRONIZE THE

Federal Rul es o f C riminal Proc edure and th e Federal Rul es o f Appe ll at e Procedure ha s be en

b y Wes t Publishing

Classified Ad Rate

NOTE : This new classified ad service in the Arkansas Lawyer is now available. Ad copy and i nq u i ries regarding advertising should be sent to Advertising Department, Arkansas Lawyer, Post Office Box 4117, North Littl e Rock, Arkansas 72116.

Co mpan y. Th e n ew so h -co ve r vo lume c o ntain s the co mpl e te

te xt

o f th e Criminal

amend ed

Rule s as

'0 July 1, 1971, plus .he

new Rul es fo r Trial o f Minor Of-

fe nses

befo re

U.S. Magi strate s.

Th ese n ew rule s beco m e effec t ive

Ark . D ig (32 VOL) wi .h 1971 Pocke t Pari S ' $400.00. .

SW Rep (Ark cases ) Vo l 1·)00 and SW Rep 2nd (Ar k cases) Vo l 1-464 w llh ad va nce shee l s and Blu e & Whi le Boo k - $600.00 .

Ca rl Bon P. O . Box Si loam Ark. leI. 524-6414

lanuary 27, 1971.

Info rmati ve no tes under th e amended rul es ha ve been in cl uded to explain Ih e c hanges. A

Ar kan sas Sial u les; 11 3 SW Re ports (A rk . Cases); West 's Ar k Digest; Shep ar d 's A rk C it at io n s; A BA D es k Boo k; AM I; etc. A lso office furn it ure.

co mbin ed l im etabl e fo r law ye rs pra c ticing under th e Fed eral Rul es o f Criminal Procedure and th e Fed e ral Rul es o f Appella te Procedure ha s al so aga in bee n in -

l aw library

Delivery by Ian. I , 1972 .

F. B.

Nashvil

Ark . B45-3131

or I. S. Tho ma s, d eceased , incl udin g: S'vV Rep (A rk Cases ) Vo l ' ·)00: SW Rep 2d (Ar k Cases ) Vo l '1·375: Ark ReporlS Vo l '1· 46; Ar k S.alS

A nno (co mplete ); Plu s ma n y ol h er refere n ces.

Merced es Thomas, Exec utri x, 608 E. Main, EI Dorado 845-3131

cluded .

Al so present ed fo r t he co n ve nience o f th e u se r is a ca n .. ulidat ed ind ex o f t he C riminal Rul e~ .

A pp e ll ate Rul es an d Crllllm al Cod e. alo ng wit h th e Il il fC idl l o rrn " .

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244

Great partnership: Rodgers &Hammersteln .••another great partnership: ARKAnSAS BAR ASSOCIATion & RATHER BEVeR & HARPER Now working together with CNA /i nsurance to provide you with the two most vital forms of fundamental protection for every practicing attorney: • Profession al Liability • Business Liability Fid uciary coverage Settlement only with consen t Legal defense provided

new PROfeSSionAL LlABILlTV PROGRAm $100,000 per claim

Wont more details? Call or write Arkan sas Bar Association Administrator Rather, Beyer & Harper Three Hundred Spring Building Little Rock , Ark ansas 72201 (501) 372-4117

Secretary- Treasur er . John Ru \ h

We at Simmons First express a deep and abiding respect for the law community of Arkansas and especially Jefferson County.

Over the years, we have shared a healthy working relationship with hundreds of your members . .. and we are extremely proud to claim one of the state's out路 standing lawyers as president of our thriving financial institu路 tion. We salute you ... and want you to know that our understanding and appreciation are things that you can depend on. If we can serve you in any way, please give us a call.

SIMMONS FIRST NATIONAL

BANK Pine Bluff

MEM8ER FDIC